JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY
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2023
·Vol. 27
·期 10
·2593-2606
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IF 2.5
Li Er-Mei,Zhu Li,Li Chao-Xiong,Shi Ling-Jun,Li Bing,Li Fang,Deng Ning,He Jian-Bo
Stannous sulfate is commonly used as an additive in the positive lead pastes of lead-acid batteries, but its real function and mechanism are still vague and need further study. The present work investigates the intrinsic effects of tin additives on the positive electrode performance under well-controlled experimental conditions. The tin additives are added in three ways: the SnSO 4 dissolved in 4.5 M H 2 SO 4 electrolyte, the metal Sn melted in metal Pb substrate, and the SnSO 4 mixed in homemade industrial lead pastes. A series of evolutions are clearly revealed in structure, composition, and redox activity of the positive active materials with the content of Sn. Both the SnSO 4 in the electrolyte and in the positive lead pastes have a significant inhibiting effect on the transformation between PbSO 4 and PbO 2 , leading to a decrease in the charge/discharge capacities with increasing content of SnSO 4 . A similar but weaker inhibiting effect was also found for the Sn melted in the Pb-Sn alloys. The SnSO 4 has a significant enhancement effect on the grain size of PbSO 4 /PbO 2 , which increases the resistance of the solid-phase transformation deep inside the grains during the charge/discharge. All these results do not support the use of SnSO 4 in the positive pastes of lead-acid batteries. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2015
·Vol. 5
·期 115
·94895-94902
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IF 3.84
Cheng Ma,Yuehong Shu,Hongyu Chen
A sustainable method, with minimal pollution and low energy cost in comparison with the conventional smelting method, is proposed for treating components of spent lead acid batteries with oxalate and sodium oxalate. The pure lead oxalate precursor of PbC2O4 is the only product crystallized in the leaching experiment. Lead oxalate is readily crystallized from the solution due to its low solubility and can be combusted to directly produce lead oxide as a precursor for making new battery pastes. Both lead oxalate and the oxide products have been characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the lead oxides synthesized at different calcination temperatures are comprise of α-PbO and β-PbO. The batteries assembled using the novel lead oxide powder as the positive active material show good cyclic stability for 50 charge/discharge cycles. The cell using lead oxide powder containing 15 wt% β-PbO exhibits excellent initial capacity, cycling performance and high-rate discharge characteristics and can deliver a discharge capacity of 180 mA h g−1 at 30 mA g−1 and more than 60 mA h g−1 at 240 mA g−1. Within 50 cycles, its capacity loss is low (5%) with excellent cyclic stability.
研究领域:
环境科学
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材料科学
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化学工程
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能源技术
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可持续发展
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电化学
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资源循环利用
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2024
·
IF 9.7
Jianyong Che,Wenjuan Zhang,Shuyue Feng,Yian Zuo,Chengyan Wang
Mechanochemistry has rapidly advanced as an effective method for recovering metals from hazardous wastes due to its mild reaction conditions, while understanding the underlying mechanisms remains a significant challenge. This work investigates the mechanochemical reduction of lead compounds using iron powder at room temperature , focusing on physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance. Notable transformations were observed in the crystal structures, morphologies, and thermal stability of PbSO 4 and PbCl 2 . Electrochemical tests indicated enhanced redox reactivity, decreased reduction potential, and reduced charge transfer impedance after mechanochemical treatment . Additionally, the reduction of PbSO 4 proved more challenging than PbCl 2 under the same conditions. Our findings provide valuable insights into the management of toxic lead waste and improve the understanding of the mechanochemical effects on redox reactions , with important implications for environmental applications.
研究领域:
环境科学
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY
·
2024
·
IF 2.6
Zhang Yuli,Hou Yujie,Nie Liu,Guo Zhiliang,Lai Changgan,Ji Shuai,Zhang Donghuai,Zhang Yifan,Lei Lixu
Agglomerated nanorods of lead phosphate have been synthesized from the reaction of lead acetate prepared from waste lead paste and Na 2 HPO 4 , which is used as an additive for the PbSO 4 -negative electrode of a lead-acid cell. It has been found that lead phosphate can be all converted to lead sulfate in 36 wt.% sulfuric acid electrolyte and generate phosphoric acid, and the negative active material containing 1 wt.% lead phosphate discharges a capacity of 111 mAh g −1 at 100 mA g −1 till 1.75 V; it still discharges 78 mAh g −1 after 1200 cycles, which is 10.1% higher than the blank PbSO 4 electrode. It is believed that phosphoric acid could remove the non-conductive oxide on the lead alloy grid; thus, a better conductive network could be built. Also, phosphoric acid is adsorbed on PbSO 4 particles, which can improve the reversibility of the electrode and diminish the shedding of PbSO 4 .
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2023
·
IF 8.8
Cong Li,Suqin Li,Penghui Guo,Yongkui Li,Xingyu Liu
Copper plant residue (CPR) is a hazardous industrial by-product possessing both high toxicity and valuable metal content, necessitating its high value-added utilization. Traditional practices in smelters involve stockpiling and landfilling of CPR, leading to substantial land occupation and water contamination . This study focused on the preparation of PbO and Pb 3 O 4 using the HCl–NaCl leaching–conversion–thermal decomposition process, employing CPR as the primary raw material. The effect of various leaching process conditions on the metal leaching rate was explored. A maximum lead leaching rate of 87.65% was achieved under optimal conditions including leaching temperature, liquid–solid ratio, leaching time, HCl molar concentration, NaCl mass concentration, and particle size. The lead content in the leachate was 15.85 g/L. Experimental data indicated that ash diffusion control served as the rate-limiting step in the HCl–NaCl leaching process. The apparent activation energy was determined to be 18.374 kJ mol −1 , with a reaction order of 0.8986 concerning the HCl concentration and an L/S ratio of 0.8124. Additionally, response surface methodology enabled the determination of technological parameters for refining PbCl 2 into PbCO 3 precursors, yielding a conversion rate exceeding 96.50%. Moreover, the technical indicators of PbO and Pb 3 O 4 obtained through low-temperature thermal decomposition of PbCO 3 were investigated. The fabricated PbO and Pb 3 O 4 exhibited purities of 99.65% and 99.26%, respectively, effectively transforming CPR from hazardous waste residue into valuable products. The process ensures the efficient recovery of lead to its maximum extent and promotes residue recycling .
研究领域:
环境科学
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材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMISTRY
·
2016
·Vol. 20
·期 8
·2267-2273
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IF 2.327
Zhang Ke,Liu Wei,Ma Beibei,Mezaal Mohammed Adnan,Li Guanghua,Zhang Rui,Lei Lixu
Lead sulfate is produced when a lead acid battery discharges, and it is also known that big PbSO 4 crystals are less active than the smaller ones because they dissolve slower, thus result in failure of the battery. However, little is known if chemically prepared PbSO 4 can be used as active material of lead acid batteries. Here, we report the preparation of PbSO 4 by facile chemical precipitation of aqueous lead acetate with sodium sulfate and its utilization as the positive active material. The results show that the PbSO 4 alone is not good enough for the purpose, but its mixtures with Pb 3 O 4 are as excellent as the industrial leady oxide. For example, the mixtures containing 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt.% of Pb 3 O 4 discharge 78.2, 92.9, 88.0, and 91.5 mAh g −1 at a current density of 100 mA g −1 , respectively. Also, the one with 10 % Pb 3 O 4 remains 93 % capacity in 150, 100 % DOD cycles.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
·
2021
·
IF 8.071
Yang Liu,Chengdong Xu,Feiyan Liu,Gexin Xiao,Shaoqi Zhou,Liming Huang,Ni Lin,Jianyi Li,Dong Chen,Qi Fu,Huijun Wang,Qingfeng Du
Children's exposure to lead is a global health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries. However, research on the relationship between children's blood lead levels (BLLs) and the development of the lead industry is still limited. This study examined whether children's BLLs were associated with the development of lead industry in different regions. Using survey data on the BLLs of children living in 250 prefectures in China with corresponding data on their economic factors and lead industries, we explored the regional variation of children's BLLs using statistical methods. The results show that the level of economic development in leaded areas was associated with inequity in children's BLLs and met the environmental Kuznets hypothesis. In areas without lead industries, there was little correlation between the level of economic development and the BLLs of children and thus the environmental Kuznets hypothesis was not supported. Lead mines, lead smelting and chemical companies are major sources of blood lead in children living in leaded areas. This study demonstrated the success of control policies for lead-acid battery manufacturers in promoting the prevention and control of childhood lead poisoning in China. China should consciously support the improvement of children's BLLs in undeveloped areas with lead industries through national financing and policies to avoid the continuous effects of the regional inequality problem of high children's BLLs.
研究领域:
公共卫生
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环境医学
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流行病学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
APPLIED SURFACE SCIENCE
·
2018
·
IF 4.439
Kai Jia,Qiming Feng,Guofan Zhang,Wanying Ji,Wukai Zhang,Bingqian Yang
Smithsonite is a readily dissolvable carbonate mineral that is naturally hydrophilic, making recovery of this ore by flotation difficult. The flotation results showed that conditioning with only sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) did not successfully allow the smithsonite samples to float, whereas treatment with a combination of S(II), Pb(II) and xanthate (with Na 2 S as the sulfurizing reagent, lead ions (Pb(II)) as the activator, and xanthate as the collector) improved the flotation of smithsonite, achieving a mass recovery of 95.8%. A combination of analytical techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in conjunction with depth profiling , was used to investigate the chemical nature of the sulfur and lead species on the smithsonite surface. For S(II)-conditioned smithsonite, a layer of ZnS formed on the smithsonite (ZnCO 3 ) substrates; this newly formed ZnS coating was amorphous or poorly crystallized. For smithsonite samples conditioned with S(II) and Pb(II), the microstructures and the phase constituents, obtained by AFM and XRD analyses, confirmed the formation of the PbS species with a cubic galena structure on the surface. XPS depth profiling showed that the PbS layer was 18-nm thick, which corresponds to 30 PbS molecular layers . This study presents direct evidence that the coating of the activation product, PbS, on the smithsonite surface was similar to a relatively thick galena layer, which led to successful flotation.
研究领域:
矿物学
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材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering
·
2022
·Vol. 16
·期 8
·1-11
·
IF 6.048
Dong Lei,Xie Pin,Zhang Xin,Qiao Junlian,Rao Dandan,Sun Yuankui,Guan Xiaohong
The permanganate (Mn(VII)) oxidation has emerged as a promising technology for the remediation and treatment of the groundwater and surface water contaminated with the organic compounds. Nonetheless, only a few studies have been conducted to explore the role of the heavy metals (especially the redox-active ones) during the Mn(VII) oxidation process. In this study, taking Pb(II) as an example, its influence on the Mn(VII) decontamination performance has been extensively investigated. It was found that, with the presence of Pb(II), Mn(VII) could degrade diclofenac (DCF), 2,4-dichlorophenol, and aniline more effectively than without. For instance, over a wide pH range of 4.5–8.0, the dosing of 10 µmol/L Pb(II) accelerated the DCF removal rate from 0.006–0.25 min −1 to 0.05–0.46 min −1 with a promotion factor of 1.9–9.4. Although the UV-vis spectroscopic and high resolution transmission electron microscopy analyses suggested that Mn(VII) could react with Pb(II) to produce Mn(IV) and Pb(IV) at pH 6.0–8.0, further experiments revealed that Pb(II) did not exert its enhancing effect through promoting the generation of MnO 2 , as the reactivity of MnO 2 was poor under the employed pH range. At pH below 5.0, it was interesting to find that, a negligible amount of MnO 2 was formed in the Mn(VII)/Pb(II) system in the absence of contaminants, while once MnO 2 was generated in the presence of contaminants, it could catalyze the Pb(II) oxidation to Pb(IV) by Mn(VII). Collectively, by highlighting the conversion process of Pb(II) to Pb(IV) by either Mn(VII) or MnO 2 , the reactive Pb(III) intermediates were proposed to account for the Pb(II) enhancement effect.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
·
2021
·Vol. 18
·期 22
·12051
·
IF 3.39
Yifei Duan,Hua Shi,Yongmei Jiang
In order to understand current blood lead levels (BLLs), we investigated the BLLs of children in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2020. We then monitored the treatment effects of calcium in children with high BLLs to assess their treatment status. Finally, we explored the effects of lead on Ca2+through in-situ experiments. Whole blood samples were used for BLL tests. The BLLs of 76,362 children aged 0–7 years were measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. The median BLL was 35 μg/L (interquartile range: 28–47). The BLLs were significantly higher in boys than in girls (p< 0.001). The BLLs generally decreased annually and increased with age. The overall prevalence of BLLs ≥ 100 μg/L was 1.20%. The children with high BLLs received subsequent check-ups, and the median time required for effective treatment was 18 months. We observed that lead exposure led to a gradual and persistent loss of Ca2+levels in neurons of mice brain slices, and the effect did not subside immediately even after the lead was removed. China has made rapid progress in pediatric healthcare, but the treatment status remains unsatisfactory. Because lead causes an irreversible loss of Ca2+, there is an urgent need to develop new standardized treatments to reduce the treatment duration.Keywords:blood lead levels;treatment status;calcium supplement;Ca2+imaging
研究领域:
公共卫生
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神经生物学
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儿科医学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY
·
2021
·
IF 2.45
Wei Wei,Shue Wang,Xue-Jun Zhang,Jiu-Xun Zhang,Zheng-Wang Chen,Jia-Ying Huang,Ye-Wang Zhang
Objective. To investigate the effects of mung bean peptide and its’ complexes on promoting lead excretion and neuroprotection of zebrafish. Methods. The lead poisoning models of zebrafish were established by lead acetate solution; the models were treated with high and low concentrations (58.3 and 175 μg/mL) of mung bean peptides, with high, medium, and low concentrations (27.8, 83.3, and 250 μg/mL) of mung bean peptide complexes, separately. The effects of the mung bean peptide complexes on the lead content, axonal fluorescence intensity, and peripheral motor nerve length changes were identified in the zebrafish model, and the effects of mung bean peptide and its’ complexes on zebrafish's lead excretion, axonal protection rate, and peripheral movement promotion rate of nerve regeneration were calculated. Results. The effects of high concentration of mung bean peptide (175 μg/mL) in promoting lead excretion was 29% (), and the effect of high concentration of mung bean peptide complexes (250 μg/mL) in promoting lead excretion was 30% (). The other concentrations of mung bean peptide and its’ complex groups did not show a noticeable lead excretion effect. The protective effects of mung bean peptide at concentrations of 58.3 and 175 μg/mL against zebrafish axonal injury were 98% and 101% (), and the peripheral nerve regeneration promotion effects were 29% () and 42% (), respectively. The protective effects of mung bean peptide complexes at concentrations of 27.8, 83.3, and 250 μg/mL against zebrafish axonal injury were 85%, 78%, and 93% (); peripheral nerve regeneration promotion rates were 46%, 50%, and 50% (). Conclusion. The mung bean peptide and its’ complexes can effectively promote the discharge of lead in the zebrafish lead poisoning and have protective and regeneration effects on zebrafish nerves.
研究领域:
毒理学
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神经生物学
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营养学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
GREEN CHEMISTRY
·
2024
·
IF 9.3
Hongya Wang,Fengyin Zhou,Bingbing Wang,Muya Cai,Jingjing Zhao,Xinyu Li,Yongxin Wu,Xiaowei Liu,Xiang Chen,Dihua Wang,Huayi Yin
The sulfur transfer is key to obtaining greenness of recycling spent lead paste (SLP) since conventional recycling methods always involve generating secondary wastes such as sulfur oxides (SOx), sulfates, and sulfides. To address these challenges, we propose a combined process in which the SLP is first converted into lead sulfide (PbS) by carbothermic reduction, and then the resultant PbS is split into liquid lead (Pb) and sulfur vapor (Sx) by molten salt electrolysis (MSE). The faradaic efficiency of MSE reaches 92.29% with a Pb recovery rate of 97.85%, and the liquid Pb and gaseous Sx are respectively discharged from the bottom and top of the cell to allow the reaction to happen continuously. Compared with traditional methods, over 98.85% of SO2 emissions are reduced, and no sulfides and sulfates are generated. Furthermore, the energy consumption is only 0.32 kW h (kg-Pb)−1, which demonstrates a 67% reduction compared to mainstream recycling processes using a 50 g-scale electrolyzer. Overall, we offer a clean sulfur transfer route to reduce secondary wastes and energy consumption, which will benefit the recovery and utilization of various sulfate wastes and raw materials with low environmental footprints.
研究领域:
环境科学
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）