We propose a new approach for the synergistically catalytic conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid (LA) in water by SO 3 H-functionalized ionic liquid (SFIL) and lanthanide chloride (LnCl 3 ). Compared with using 1-methyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)imidazolium chloride ([MIMPS]Cl) only, the LA yield using [MIMPS]Cl and ErCl 3 increased by 14.4% and 13.6% at 50 mol% of IL and 30 mol% of IL, respectively. Moreover, the combined [MIMPS]Cl and ErCl 3 system can tolerate high concentrations of substrates and maintain high activity at eleven runs. We also investigated the effects of the cation structure of ionic liquids (alkyl chain length, hydroxyl groups on the side chains, and aromatic properties) on LA production. The observations can provide useful information for designing efficient ionic liquid catalysts for biomass utilization.
Yi Xiong,Xingxing Gu,Zixun Liu,Xiaolei Ren,Yanke Jiang,Hanyu Xu,Lin Zhuo,Guangming Jiang
Rechargeable aqueous-zinc ion batteries (AZIB) have notable benefits in terms of high safety and low cost. Nevertheless, the challenges, such as dendrite growth, zinc anode corrosion, and hydrogen evolution reaction, impede its practical implementation. Hence, this study proposes the introduction of an economical ErCl 3 electrolyte additive to stabilize the Zn anode surface and address the aforementioned issues. The introduced Er 3+ will cover the raised zinc dendrite surface and weaken the “tip effect” on the surface of the zinc anode via the “electrostatic shielding” effect. Simultaneously, the introduced Cl – can reduce the polarization of the zinc anode. Due to the synergistic effect of Er 3+ and Cl – , the zinc anode corrosion, dendrite growth and hydrogen evolution have been efficiently inhibited. As a result, the Zn||Zn-symmetric battery using ErCl 3 additive can stably cycle for 1100 h at 1 mA cm −2 , 1 mAh cm −2 , and exhibit a high average coulomb efficiency (99.2 %). Meanwhile, Zn||MnO 2 full battery based on ErCl 3 -added electrolyte also demonstrates a high reversible capacity of 157.1 mAh/g after 500 cycles. Obviously, the capacity decay rate of the full battery is also improved, only 0.113 % per cycle. This study offers a straightforward and economically efficient method for stabilizing the zinc anode and realizing high-performance AZIBs.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）