Separations
·
2023
·Vol. 10
·期 1
·42
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IF 2.6
Junjie Xie,Kang Li,Zhuonan Shi,Changli Min,Shina Li,Zichen Yin,Ruixin Ma
Solvent extraction with 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) phenol (t-BAMBP) is an effective method for the separation and purification of rubidium and cesium. A solution containing a high K+concentration (exceeding 80 g/L), which was ultra-salty, with about 200 g/L alkali metal ions, was used to extract Rb+and Cs+. The effects of the process parameters on the separation of cesium and rubidium were systematically studied. The optimum conditions were as follows: NaOH concentration of 0.5 mol/L, t-BAMBP concentration of 1 mol/L (in sulfonated kerosene), organic/aqueous volume ratio (O/A ratio) of 3:1, and contact time of 1 min. The extraction rates of cesium and rubidium were 99.81 and 98.09%, respectively, and 19.31% of potassium was co-extracted in the organic phase after five-stage countercurrent extraction. About 99.32% of K+in the organic phase could be removed after five-stage countercurrent scrubbing with deionized water at an O/A ratio of 2:1 for 2 min. When 0.5 mol/L hydrochloric acid solution was used as detergent, almost all of the cesium and rubidium (>99%) could be recovered by two-stage countercurrent stripping at an O/A ratio of 3:1 for 2 min. A solid compound was found and collected from the organic phase during multi-stage solvent extraction. Its composition and structure were determined by XRD, infrared Fourier-transform, and ICP-MS.Keywords:t-BAMBP;rubidium;cesium;potassium;extraction complex
研究领域:
化学工程
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分析化学
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DOI
高影响因子
DALTON TRANSACTIONS
·
2021
·Vol. 51
·期 4
·1481-1488
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IF 4.39
Maierhaba Abudoureheman,Juanjuan Zheng,Peng Wang,Bo Wei,Zhiyong Guo,Zhaohui Chen,Yanna Chen
The exploration of A–Mo–P–O (A = Rb, Cs) systems has allowed several new Mo(V) phosphates, Rb2MoP2O9, Rb6Mo2P4O19 and Cs6Mo2P4O19, to be synthesized through the spontaneous nucleation method. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the identical stoichiometry compounds Rb2MoP2O9 and Cs2MoP2O9 belong to different space groups C2/c and Pbca, respectively. Both compounds consist of dissimilar 1D [Mo–O–P]∞ chains with different repeated building units, while monovalent cations fill in spaces to form 3D structures. However, Rb6Mo2P4O19 and Cs6Mo2P4O19 are isostructural and crystallize in the same space group of P21/c. They exhibit a 3D framework structure with 0D Mo2O5O6P4O8 groups, which are separated by Rb/Cs atoms. Interestingly, structural relationships between the different monophosphates of the A–Mo–P–O (A = Rb, Cs) systems are presented in which distinct polyanionic configurations appear owing to the A/P ratios, as well as the size of the univalent cations. Further, detailed structural comparisons, optical properties and theoretical calculations are also discussed.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY
·
2022
·
IF 0.847
Qing Yao,Kaiyu Wang,Jie Zhang,Changqian Li,Chenyu Shang,Feitong Chen,Qi Huang,Qiqi Zhao,Weiwei Zhang,Xiaoyuan Zhan,Jianxu Ding
ABSTRACT Introducing inorganic cation into hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) has attracted great attention because of the enhancement stabilities without sacrificing their excellent optoelectronic properties. Here, we introduce Cs and Rb into MAPbI 1.8 Br 1.2 single crystals (SCs) to dig out the mixed cation effect on optoelectronic performances and phase stabilities. Both Rb and Cs can increase the lattice capacity, which is sufficient to relieve the lattice stress caused by photon energy, thus achieving the purpose of stabilizing the lattice structure and inhibiting migration of halide ions, compared with MAPbI 1.8 Br 1.2 SC. On the other hand, the smaller polarity of Rb and Cs reduces the electron-phonon coupling, thus significantly inhibiting the migration of halide ions. Meanwhile, through planar photo-detectors, MA 0.9 Cs 0.1 PbI 1.8 Br 1.2 -based device behaves much excellent optoelectronic performance (R = 0.170 A/W, EQE = 51.39 %, D* = 4.42 × 10 12 Jones, on/off ratio: ~522).
研究领域:
材料科学
·
光学
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DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Cleaner Production
·
2023
·
IF 11.1
Kang Li,Junjie Xie,Zhuonan Shi,Changli Min,Zichen Yin,Ruixin Ma,Shina Li
Rubidium and cesium are highly-priced and important rare alkali elements but they always co-exist with large amount of sodium and potassium in a complex system resulting very difficult and expensive to recover. Hexacyanoferrates (MHCFs) is one of the most efficient methods to separate Rb + and Cs + if we don't consider certain drawbacks such as too small particle size and too viscous liquids to be precipitated. In this study, a new kind of hexacyanoferrate, magnesium (II) hexacyanoferrate (RbCs–MgHCF) has been fabricated at room temperature and applied for the first time to recover Rb + and Cs + from high-salty solutions. Compared with traditional divalent transition elements, such as CuHCFs, ZnHCFs, NiHCFs, CoHCFs or FeHCFs, RbCs–MgHCF had excellent precipitation property and large particle size of about 300 nm. The structure, morphology and composition were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The effects of various factors (divalent metal cations, surfactant, Mg 2+ /(Rb + +Cs + ) mole ratio, pH value and titration rate) on the recovery of Rb + and Cs + were explored in 50 mL batch experiments. Scale-up experiment were conducted in 6 and 18 L. Results identified that deposition ratio for Cs + and Rb + were 99% and 95% among pH ranges of 4.0–11.0. The composition of RbCs–MgHCF was confirmed to be Rb 0.61 Cs 1.20 K 0.17 Mg 1.01 Fe(CN) 6 by ICP and EDS and the synthesis mechanism of RbCs–MgHCF is proposed.
研究领域:
化学工程
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
Mining Metallurgy & Exploration
·
2024
·Vol. 41
·期 2
·1089-1097
·
IF 1.5
Junjie Xie,Kang Li,Zhuonan Shi,Changli Min,Shina Li,Zichen Yin,Ruixin Ma
Cesium and rubidium were effectively separated by zinc ferrocyanide coprecipitation method, and the effect of precipitant addition amount on the separation of cesium and rubidium was studied. Under the conditions of Zn/Cs molar ratio of 0.45 and Zn/Fe molar ratio of 1, the precipitation rate of cesium is 84.01% and the separation factor of Cs/Rb is 164.65. The thermogravimetric curves of the sediment were measured, and the effects of roasting temperature, roasting time, and leaching liquid/solid ratio on the extraction of cesium were studied. Almost all of the cesium was extracted under optimal conditions: roasting temperature of 600 °C, roasting time of 3 h, leaching temperature of 25 °C, leaching time of 0.5 h, and liquid/solid ratio of 5:1 mL/g. After the leaching process, the leach liquor with high concentration of cesium of 80.17 g/L was obtained. Finally, the leach liquor was further purified by solvent extraction, and the purity of the cesium chloride product reached 99.66%. Graphical Abstract
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
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DOI
高影响因子
ChemistrySelect
·
2025
·Vol. 10
·期 8
·e202406007
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IF 2
Chenxi Li,Kang Li,Shina Li,Ruixin Ma
Graphical In this study, copper hexacyanoferrate (CsRb–CuHCF) was used as a precipitant. Results demonstrated that CsRb–CuHCF can efficiently separate Rb + and Cs + from the high-salty solutions. The enrichment factor was up to 384 before and after precipitation. The precipitant reacts first with Cs + and then gradually with Rb + and can be used for the separation of Cs + and Rb + from each other. Cesium (Cs) and rubidium (Rb) are important rare alkali metal elements that are scarce and dispersed in nature. They often coexist with high amounts of Na + and K + . In this study, copper hexacyanoferrate (CuHCF) was used as a co-precipitant to enrich Cs + and Rb + in a high-salt solution. The effect of parameters, such as type and dose of divalent metal ions, solution pH, material dropping speed, reaction time, and temperature, was investigated for the recovery rate of Cs + and Rb + . Results showed that the recovery rates of Cs + and Rb + were 99.78% and 88.84% at the optimal Cu 2+ /(Cs + +Rb + ) molar ratio of 0.5, respectively. The reaction could be completed within 10 min in pH 3–8. The detailed characterization of the Cs + and Rb + containing co-precipitants, CsRb–CuHCF, confirm a general formula of Cs 1.09 Rb 0.81 K 0.16 Cu 0.97 Fe(CN) 6 . The (Cs + +Rb + )/(Na + +K + ) increased significantly from 0.074 to 28.47 before and after precipitation, which realized the effective enrichment of Cs + and Rb + . Studies of the precipitation reaction mechanism showed that the precipitant reacted first with Cs + and then with Rb + . This process offers a promising avenue for the enrichment and separation of Cs + and Rb + from high-salty solutions.
研究领域:
化学工程
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
HYDROMETALLURGY
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2025
·
IF 5.3
Yanfei Fan,Dandan Gao,Dongdong Li,Dewen Zeng
Alum is an important intermediate for the extraction and purification of Cs or Rb chemicals, due to its excellent separation ability for Cs, Rb and K. Although the solubility sequence K-alum > Rb-alum > Cs-alum has been well known, the separation factors among Cs, Rb and K during the formation of alum have not been determined. The formation of solid solution of alum controls the Cs or Rb content and Cs/Rb/K ratio in the sequentially precipitated Cs, Rb and K alums. In this study, the thermodynamic equilibrium separation factors were determined from the solid solution-aqueous solution equilibrium data of the two mixed alum systems: (i) RbAl(SO 4 ) 2 , CsAl(SO 4 ) 2 , and H 2 O, and (ii) KAl(SO 4 ) 2 , RbAl(SO 4 ) 2 and H 2 O. The separation factor β Cs/Rb varied from 48 to 2 with the increase of the Rb/Cs ratio in system (i), and β Rb/K varied from 22 to 0.2 with the increase of the K/Rb ratio in system (ii). This suggests that the purification of Cs or Rb using alums is more efficient from raw materials containing high Cs/Rb or Rb/K ratio than that from low Cs/Rb or Rb/K ratio. In kinetic studies, the apparent separation factors β Cs/Rb and β Rb/K were highly affected by the recrystallization process of cooling or non-cooling and the initial composition of raw alum, showing asymmetric kinetic intensification. The separation factors β Cs/Rb or β Rb/K obtained in the “dissolution by heating and crystallization by cooling (DHCC)” process for the raw alum with high initial Cs/Rb or Rb/K molar ratio is several times larger than the equilibrium value expected from thermodynamics. Finally, CsAl(SO 4 ) 2 and RbAl(SO 4 ) 2 with a metal-based purity of 99.97 % and 99.94 %, respectively, were obtained by using the DHCC process 3–4 times.
研究领域:
化学工程
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
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2024
·
IF 8.1
Xulong Chen,Wenping Hu
Resource scarcity and environmental degradation pose formidable challenges for the sustainable development of human society. Although enhancing resource utilization efficiency represents a viable solution to these challenges, many strategic resources still suffer from substantial waste and environmental pollution owing to their single utilization form and non-environmentally friendly technologies. In this study, by employing salt lake carnallite as a representative example, we proposed an eco-friendly closed-loop strategy that integrated various chemical processes to maximize resource utilization. This innovation enables successive recycling and utilization of the waste brine generated at each chemical stage, resulting in minimized resource wastage and maximized eco-environmental benefits. Compared with the conventional carnallite utilization method, our strategy enhanced the KCl yield from 55.48% to 89.25%, achieved nearly 100% utilization efficiency of Mg, and improved the Rb recovery efficiency from 0% to 81.28%. Consequently, the overall utilization efficiency of carnallite increased from 20.91% to 87.37%. Additionally, this approach offers the added benefit of significantly improving the overall utilization of mineral resources and substantially reducing the cost of large-scale sample preparation. This work helps to construct a more sustainable and cost-effective utilization system for various mineral and brine resources.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
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矿业工程
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DOI
高影响因子
DESALINATION
·
2024
·
IF 8.3
Guanhua Wang,Huibin Zhang,Weilun Qian,Anyang Tang,Huazhen Cao,Wenyu Feng,Guoqu Zheng
In this study, a spherogranular porous composite tin pyrophosphate antimonate (SSbPP) adsorbent was developed for the efficient extraction of rubidium (Rb) and cesium (Cs) resources. This granular composite adsorbent was prepared using the anti-solvent method with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as carrier and the incorporated SSbPP powder as adsorbent. The composition , molecular structure, and adsorption performance of SSbPP, along with the microstructure and adsorption behavior of the granulated PVC-SSbPP adsorbent, were comprehensively investigated. The results showed that the SSbPP adsorbent with superior performance was synthesized at a Sn:Sb:P molar ratio of 0.5:0.25:2. The adsorption behavior of PVC-SSbPP was evaluated using the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm. The maximal adsorption capacities of PVC-SSbPP for Rb + and Cs + were found to be 81.3 mg g −1 and 95.23 mg g −1 at optimal condition, respectively. The PVC-SSbPP also exhibited high adsorption selectivity for Rb + /Cs + in the presence of competitive metal ions such as K + , Na + , Li + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ . Furthermore, through dynamic adsorption-desorption experiment using a fixed-bed column, a low-concentration Rb + /Cs + solution (10 mg L −1 ) could be concentrated by approximately 140 times. This research offers a promising approach for the selective extraction of low-concentration Rb and Cs resources from highly saline solutions.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Nature Sustainability
·
2024
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IF 25.7
Chen Xulong,Hu Wenping
Rubidium (Rb) is a valuable rare alkali metal that plays a crucial role in various high-tech applications, but extracting Rb from conventional sources poses sustainability challenges. A considerable amount of Rb is found in potassium chloride (KCl) salts, which can serve as a sustainable source depending on the extraction methods. Current liquid-phase methods are problematic due to the low Rb/K separation factor and high consumption of energy, water and chemicals. Extracting Rb directly from solid KCl salts is a promising approach, but achieving efficient recovery remains a challenge. Here we propose a crystal ripening microextraction strategy that enables in situ extraction of Rb from solid KCl salts with high selectivity, simplicity and high efficiency. By applying this strategy, we recovered 92.37% of Rb from KCl salts with an initial Rb content of 113 ppm. Compared with liquid-phase extraction, our approach results in a 97.57% reduction in energy consumption, a 22.24% increase in recovery efficiency and a 13.46-fold higher Rb/K separation factor, which substantially enhance environmental and economic benefits. In addition, this approach is suitable for recovering other target metals needed for various industrial applications directly from different solid metallic salts, providing a pathway to improve the sustainability of critical metal supply.
研究领域:
化学工程
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环境科学
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材料科学
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DOI
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Sirui Chen,Guoyuan Xiong,Shuangling Cui,Shufang Zhao,Jilong Lai,Xuening Zhang,Guangyong Zeng,Ying Zeng,Hao Shi
The scarcity of rubidium (Rb) in ore form makes it a valuable metal, prompting the need to develop reusable adsorbent materials for effective separation of rubidium (Rb + ) from salt lake brine, which holds significant importance. Herein, a novel Rb + selective composite adsorbent was prepared by in-pore crystallization. Macromesoporous silica was prepared using polyoxyethylene (10) octadecyl ether (Brij S10) as a templating agent and the effect of different templating agents on the pore size was investigated. An AMP-SiO 2 composite adsorbent for Rb + was obtained by “growing” ammonium phosphomolybdate on the macro-mesoporous silica by in-pore crystallization reaction. The results indicated that the adsorption of Rb + by the AMP-SO 2 adsorbent adhered to monolayer chemisorption , which was verified by fitting the adsorption data using the pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm model, respectively. The loading of AMP was 29.4 %, which increased the adsorption capacity by 115 %. Furthermore, the adsorption rate of Rb + on AMP-SO 2 when interfering ions were present still reached 73.2 % (KCl), 76.4 % (CaCl 2 ), and 86.6 % (MgCl 2 ). Density functional theory simulation indicated that AMP-SiO2 exhibited a higher adsorption energy for Rb + (−9.79 eV) than K + , Li + , Ca 2+ , and Mg 2+ . The Rb 3d and Mo 3d X-ray photoelectron spectra of AMP-SiO 2 before and after adsorption of Rb + , indicated that the ion-exchange process between rubidium and lattice cations is the controlling mechanism. In addition, AMP-SiO 2 also showed good regeneration performance and maintained a high adsorption rate after five adsorption-resolution experiments. In summary, the AMP-SiO 2 composite adsorbent can effectively expose adsorption sites and improve mass transfer efficiency, and has significant potential for future application in rubidium separation and extraction.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境工程
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化学工程
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DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2019
·
IF 3.375
Xingwen Liu,Qi Wang,Zhuo Wang,Xueting Liu,Minghui Zhang,Jiahui Fan,Zhiyong Zhou,Zhongqi Ren
A new type of Rb(I) ion imprinting material was prepared with methacrylic acid as functional monomer, Rb(I) ion as template, and methanol/acetonitrile as solvent. The polymerization reaction was initiated by N,N-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN) with the cross-linking by ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). In addition, benzo-12-crown-4-ether (B12C4) was introduced as a ligand to fix the template ions better. Scanning electron microscope, Zeta potential analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive spectra were used for characterization of the imprinted polymer. Effects of preparation and adsorption conditions on adsorption performances of Rb(I) ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) were investigated. The imprinted polymer had fast adsorption kinetics (reaching equilibrium within 15 min) and high maximum adsorption capacity (129.9 mg·g–1) at pH 9.5. Besides, the adsorption process conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models. Moreover, the prepared Rb(I)-IIPs showed high selectivity for Rb(I) ions. The results of eight repeated cycles of adsorption–desorption demonstrated that the prepared Rb(I)-IIPs had good stability and reusability.
研究领域:
化学
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环境科学
✓ 已验证
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DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）