Solid-state batteries (SSBs) have already attracted significant attention due to their potential to offer high energy density and excellent safety as compared to the currently used lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes. The use of a lithium anode in SSBs is extremely important to realize these advantages. Starting from the synthesis of a highly conductive cubic garnet solid electrolyte (Li6.375La3Zr1.375Nb0.625O12, LLZNO) using Nb as a structure stabilizer, in this study, we demonstrated the resolution of interfacial problems between the garnet electrolyte and lithium anode and the integration of the lithium anode into garnet-based SSBs by modifying the as-synthesized LLZNO with a Sn thin film. Due to the Sn modification, the interfacial resistances between the garnet electrolyte and the lithium anode decreased approximately 20 times to only 46.6 Ω cm2. The fast and reversible lithium plating/stripping under high current densities and the excellent battery performance of Li/Sn-LLZNO/LiFePO4 full cells were achieved. This improvement is ascribed to the formation of a Li–Sn alloy interlayer, which severs as a self-limited stable and conductive interface, bridging the garnet electrolyte and the lithium anode and enabling fast and stable lithium transport. As a proof-of-concept, this effective surface modification method will offer inspirations to researchers for overcoming the interfacial problems and promoting the development of high-performance SSBs.
The efficient transformation of cellulose from renewable biomass into the fuel additive methyl levulinate remains a significant challenge. Herein, the hydrothermal post-synthesis method was employed to synthesize a series of tin-based bimetallic Beta zeolites with multifunctional properties, Sn-M-Beta-SO 3 H (M = Al 3 + , In 3+ , Ti 4+ , and Zr 4+ ), for the direct conversion of cellulose to ML. The as-prepared Sn-M-Beta-SO 3 H catalysts were systematically analyzed via XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis, XPS, FT-IR, NH 3 -TPD, and Py-IR techniques. The results revealed that the synergistic interaction between Sn and M influences the composition of acidic sites and the physical properties of these multifunctional zeolites. Notably, Sn-Al-Beta-SO 3 H, with an optimal balance of Lewis and Brønsted acidic sites, achieved an impressive ML yield of 69.7 % at 180 °C within 6 h—one of the highest reported values among heterogeneous catalysts to date. Furthermore, based on experimental findings, a potential reaction pathway for cellulose conversion over Sn-Al-Beta-SO 3 H was proposed, with fructose identified as a key intermediate.
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