JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES
·
2024
·
IF 8.1
Binyi Chen,Qingwei Meng,Tiejun Wang,Wenli Zhang,Xueqing Qiu
Hard carbon is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, its commercialization is hampered by its relatively low capacity. This limitation primarily arises from the insufficient closed pore structures developed within the hard carbon. In this contribution, we precisely control the crosslinking structures of phenol-formaldehyde resin precursors by adjusting the catalyst amount, producing carbon materials with varied microstructures. We explore the relationship between the microstructures of the resin-derived hard carbon and its sodium storage performance. Our findings indicate that increasing the crosslinking degree of phenol-formaldehyde resins enhances the number of closed pores formed during high-temperature carbonization, thereby improving the plateau capacity. Notably, the hard carbon exhibits superior rate performance, due to its smaller closed pore diameter. This study provides an in-depth exploration of the relationship between precursor structural characteristics and the microstructures of hard carbons. By calculating the closed pore parameters, we elucidate the structure-performance relationship, demonstrating that optimizing the closed pore structures significantly enhances the electrochemical performance of hard carbons for SIBs. This research offers valuable insights for the development of high-performance hard carbon anodes, paving the way for the commercialization of SIBs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ENERGY & FUELS
·
2025
·
IF 5.3
Yanmei Zhao,Yafang Zhao,Jun Zheng,Yueying Lin,Chuanfang Liu,Jiafan Zheng,Chengyu Zhang,Kai Zhang,Zhongrong Shen
Hydrothermal carbonization of sucrose is a conventional method for preparing hard carbon (HC) microsphere precursors; the construction of closed pores plays a crucial role in enhancing the platform capacity of sugar-based HC materials. This work proposes a strategy of a cohydrothermal method with sucrose and organic amine molecules to regulate the content of closed pores. Amine molecules undergo an amine-aldehyde condensation reaction with furfural intermediates during the hydrothermal process of sucrose, participating in the formation of carbon precursors. During the carbonization process, the presence of amine molecules accelerates the pyrolysis of the precursor and alters the microstructure of the HC microsphere precursor. This ultimately leads to the construction of closed pore structures during subsequent carbonization, thereby significantly enhancing the platform capacity. Research finds that different amine molecules affect the sodium ion storage behavior of the HC anode materials. Specifically, aniline-involved sucrose-derived HC (HCBS) and benzylamine-involved sucrose-derived HC (HCBIS) deliver large closed-pore volume of 0.072 m3 g–1 and 0.095 m3 g–1, respectively, much higher than sucrose-derived HC (HCS) of 0.024 m3 g–1. HCBS exhibits a remarkable reversible capacity of 382 mA h g–1 at a current density of 0.020 A g–1. Ex situ Raman tests demonstrate that the plateau capacity of HCBS (277 mA h g–1) results from both sodium ion intercalation and closed pore filling; conversely, the plateau capacity of HCBIS is primarily attributed to closed-pore filling. This work proposes a novel design concept to create abundant closed pores HC from sucrose, contributing to the rational design of the pore structure of sugar-based HC.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ELECTROCHIMICA ACTA
·
2025
·
IF 5.6
Chaojie Ren,Jie He,Hanyu Xu,Ji Wang,Ke Li,Kuncai Hu,Liang Zhao,Haibo Wang,Ruizhi Yang
The closed pore architecture of hard carbon (HC) materials significantly influences the performance of sodium ion storage in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Nevertheless, the strategic design of closed pore structures in high-performance hard carbon anodes continues to pose a considerable challenge. In this study, we implement a magnesium oxide (MgO) template approach to generate a substantial number of appropriate-sized closed pores in hard carbon (HC) through the thermal treatment of a mixture of walnut green husk and magnesium gluconate (Mag-G) in an inert atmosphere. The closed pore can be finely-tuned by adjusting the size and concentration of the MgO template derived from Mag-G. As a result, the optimized HC anode exhibits a remarkable reversible specific capacity of 366 mAh g −1 at a current density of 20 mA g −1 , alongside a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 89.8 % and stable cycling performance (92.9 % after 300 cycles at 100 mA g −1 ). Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses reveal that the primary mechanism governing sodium storage behavior in the plateau region involves the accommodation of Na + within the closed pores. This study presents an important approach for closed pore design aimed at improving sodium ion storage in biomass-derived hard carbons, demonstrating considerable potential in practical applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Nano Energy
·
2025
·
IF 17.1
Lixin Bai,Juan Chen,Yi Zhang,Zheng Yi,Yuansen Xie,Maowen Xu,Yuruo Qi
The intrinsic sodium storage performance of hard carbons is fundamentally governed by its structure attributes, which are primarily shaped by the precursor material. Therefore, a direct manipulation of precursors at the molecular level offers considerable flexibility in engineering hard carbon architectures. This study introduces a straightforward and effective pre-carbonization approach to modulate the molecular configuration and functional groups within celluloses, employing both oxygen-bridging and air-etching to stimulate the development of closed pores during carbonization. These closed pores not only facilitate the transport of sodium ions but also serve as active sites for sodium storage, resulting in a hard carbon with an impressive specific capacity of 421.1 mA h g −1 and a substantial low-voltage plateau capacity of 312.8 mA h g −1 . Extensive research has elucidated the formation mechanism of closed pores as well as its correlation with low-voltage plateau capacity, which will greatly forward the rational design of high-performance hard carbon anodes for next-generation sodium ion batteries.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
·
储能技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Energy Materials
·
2024
·
IF 5.4
Ming-Gang Cheng,Li-Jing Xie,Zong-Lin Yi,Yi-Xuan Mao,Fang-Yuan Su,Xian-Xian Wei,Guo-Hua Sun,Cheng-Meng Chen
Closed pores play an essential role in improving the performance of sodium-ion batteries. Various strategies have been proposed to increase the closed-pore ratio, but most of them face challenges related to cost and waste disposal. Here, we chose furfural as the resin precursor to synthesize the raw material and prepare enriched closed-pore hard carbon using poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) as the in situ pore-forming agent. At 450 °C, the decomposition of PVB within furfural resins leads to the formation of numerous micropores, which sets the stage for the creation of hard carbon with closed pores. The optimal hard carbon sample exhibits a low specific surface area (N2) of 10.54 m2 g–1 and a high volume of closed pores (0.090 cm3 g–1). The optimal pore structure of the hard carbon resulted in a high reversible sodium storage capacity of 367 mAh g–1 and an initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 88.5% at 30 mA g–1. Furthermore, the use of PVB as a pore-forming agent is minimal and the decomposition products are environmentally friendly. This is a practical guide for producing high-performance hard carbon.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源存储技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
·
2024
·
IF 9.4
Bin Wang,Yazhen Yao,Wanli Wang,Yujie Xu,Yi Wan,Yi Sun,Qiang Li,Han Hu,Mingbo Wu
Hard carbon (HC) has emerged as a highly promising anode material for sodium ion batteries, drawing tremendous interest in producing this material with low-cost and easily accessible precursors. The determination of the crucial parameters of precursors influencing the formation of key structures, such as closed pores, in the HC is of paramount importance. Considering the potential role of free radicals in the structural evolution of the precursors, we, for the first time, delve into the impact of radical species on the development of closed pores by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, with petroleum asphalt as the model system. Our findings reveal that carbon centred radicals, with the g value close to that of the free electron (2.0023), exhibit a propensity to form long-range, well-ordered graphitic structures with lower sodium storage capacity. Conversely, the deliberately incorporated oxygen radicals with the g value over 2.005 require a higher energy for ordering the graphitic structures, leading to the creation of closed pores. As a result, the optimal sample showcases a four-fold increase in plateau capacity for sodium ion storage due to the pore filling process. Our research underscores the pivotal role of employing electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy studying the critical structural evolution of functional carbon materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
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电化学
·
能源存储
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 9.7
Dengguo Lai,Zhaohui Chen,Wenxuan Wang,Xiaoxiao Chen
Extrusion-based printing of macroscopic architectures layer-by-layer offers new opportunities for constructing customized electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials. However, current research primarily focuses on improving the printability of material inks by increasing contents and adding various modifiers, controllable construction of ultralight and robust macro-architectures with structural design at both macro- and micro-scales is still challenging. Herein, we develop a graphene oxide foaming ink enriched with air bubbles for direct-ink writing, enabling the creation of macroscopic graphene architectures with arbitrary geometries. Meanwhile, air bubbles guide the self-assembly of nanosheets into a unique closed-cellular structure, which plays a critical role in enhancing EMI shielding performance. The resulting bubble-derived graphene aerogels (BGAs), fabricated through lyophilization and reduction of the foaming inks, exhibit ultralow densities of 0.0033–0.0045 g·cm −3 , superior resilience even at cryogenic temperatures (−196 °C in liquid nitrogen), high compressive strength, and a negative Poisson’s ratio. Remarkably, these BGAs achieve exceptionally high EMI shielding effectiveness (SE), reaching 103.2 dB with a low SE reflection of merely 4.8 dB. The specific SE (SSE/t), an absolute measure considering density and thickness, reaches an impressive value of 52,252 dB·cm 2 ·g −1 , ranking among the highest reported for synthetic foams. The desirable nanosheets-wrapped closed bubble-shaped cells, well-connected porous and conductive networks, and abundant interfaces in the BGAs collectively contribute to the intense interference and multireflection of electromagnetic waves, driving their outstanding shielding performance. This study presents a straightforward and practical approach to construct ultralight and resilient graphene architectures with multiscale designs, offering a promising solution for advanced EMI shielding applications.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纳米技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ACS Applied Nano Materials
·
2025
·
IF 5.5
Yafang Zhao,Kai Zhang,Jun Zheng,Yanmei Zhao,Xiaokang Cai,Chao Liu,Ming Zhang,Zhongrong Shen
The closed pores resulting from distortion of the graphite domain structure are crucial for enhancing the reversible capacity of sodium storage in the hard carbon plateau region, as well as achieving a high initial Coulombic efficiency. In this study, we propose a method to enhance the reversible capacity of sodium storage in the hard carbon nanosphere plateau region by utilizing terephthalaldehyde (C8H6O2) and resorcinol (C6H6O2) for modulating closed pore size and graphite domain distribution through an aldol condensation reaction. The structural characterization reveals that an increase in the proportion of sp2 C in the precursor structure leads to graphite domains that are more easily twisted, leading to the formation of closed pores with smaller sizes during high-temperature pyrolysis. The target sample (PRHC-1500) exhibits a plateau capacity proportion of 59.23% and an initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 81.14% in the half-cell. Additionally, the Coulombic efficiency remained at 100% even after undergoing 1000 cycles at a current density of 1600 mA g–1, thereby demonstrating exceptional cycling performance. This paper presents a valuable reference for modulating the closed-pore structure in hard carbon nanospheres by carefully selecting appropriate precursors.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CARBON
·
2025
·
IF 11.6
Zhipeng Cao,Ru Wang,Liluo Shi,Nannan Guo,Rui Zhou,Xia Qiu,Yirong Wang,Quanchao Zhuang,Zhicheng Ju,Yan Song,Yaxin Chen
Hard carbon (HC) anodes exhibiting a distinct low-potential plateau (LPP) are crucial for enhancing the energy density of sodium-ion batteries.We demonstrate that closed-pore formation is governed by carbon-layer bending, underscoring the significance of enhanced curvature. We introduce a cellulose depolymerization–reconstruction strategy that increases carbon-layer curvature and yields closed pores, thereby enabling LPP-dominated Na + storage. The resulting curvature-engineered hard carbon (H-HC) delivers a reversible capacity of 326.66 mAh g -1 at 20 mA g -1 , of which 214.38 mAh g -1 (≈ 65.6%) is attributable to the LPP. By contrast, directly carbonized HC yields a total capacity of 218.96 mAh g -1 with an LPP contribution of 135.18 mAh g -1 at the same current density. This work establishes enhanced carbon-layer curvature as a pivotal design parameter for closed-pore formation and LPP performance, offering guidance for advanced carbon anode design in SIBs.
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DOI
高影响因子
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS
·
2016
·Vol. 18
·期 28
·19183-19193
·
IF 4.449
Cuijiao Zhao,Xiaonan Wei,Yawen Huang,Jiajun Ma,Ke Cao,Guanjun Chang,Junxiao Yang
Although general porous materials have a low dielectric constant, their uncontrollable opened porous structure results in high dielectric loss and poor barrier properties, thus limiting their application as interconnect dielectrics. In this study, polymeric nanoporous materials with well-controlled closed pores were prepared by incorporating polystyrene (PS) hollow nanoparticles into polyethylene (PE/HoPS). SEM images suggested a closed porous structure for PE/HoPS. In order to show the effect of the porous structure on dielectric properties, nanoporous materials with an opened or uncontrollable porous structure were prepared by etching SiO2/PE or PE/PS@SiO2 composites. PE/HoPSs composites showed an apparently lower dielectric constant and loss compared with the opened porous PE, demonstrating the advantages of a closed porous structure upon enhancing low-dielectric performance. The low dielectric performance of the PE/HoPS composites is linked with high water resistance owing to their closed porous characteristics. When incorporating 15.3 wt% HoPS (porosity: ∼6.9%), the dielectric constant reached 2.08. This value is lower than that calculated from the serial model. Our work revealed that the incorporation of HoPS not only reduces the porosity, but also alters the intrinsic properties of PE, as a result, leading to a greatly reduced dielectric constant.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电子工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Small Methods
·
2025
·
IF 9.1
Juan Chen,Yuhao Lu,Yi Zhang,Lixin Bai,Zheng Yi,Yuansen Xie,Jian Jiang,Maowen Xu,Yuruo Qi
Developing a carbon anode with high performance but low cost is one most pivotal challenges for the commercialization of sodium ion batteries (SIBs). Therefore, an sulfur-mediated solid-state approach is proposed to form 3D crosslinked polymer networks in a pitch precursor and then achieve elaborate microstructures for effective sodium storage. Sulfur-linked structures interfere with the stacking regularity of carbon layers, thereby eliminating the graphitic transformation of pitch at high treatment temperatures, expanding interlayer distances, and promoting the development of closed pores. Consequently, sodium storage capacity in such carbon material is impressively augmented from 109 to 315 mA h g −1 , with a plateau contribution exceeding 81.3% at low voltages, which can improve energy density of SIBs. Compared to prior Oxygen-related methodologies, this sulfur-mediated technique not only offers a more scalable strategy but also achieves superior plateau performance at lower carbonization temperatures (≈1300 °C), far below the conventional threshold of 1500 °C. Additionally, comprehensive testing demonstrates that sodium storage operates via an “adsorption-intercalation-pore filling” mechanism, with closed nanopores playing a crucial role in enabling efficient Na storage through pore filling in the low voltage region. This work also presents a scalable strategy for the development of high-performance carbon anode materials from low-cost pitch.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
·
能源存储
·
纳米材料
·
固体化学
·
电池技术
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS
·
2025
·
IF 19
Qingjuan Ren,Jianzeng Yang,Peng Zhang,Liang He,Zhongyu Sun,Ruirui Hao,Zhiqiang Shi
Hard carbon (HC) stands as a leading anode candidate for sodium-ion batteries, yet the specific functions of its multiscale pore structure, especially ultramicropores (< 0.7 nm), have remained contentious. Herein, the distinct functions of different pores (open pores, sub-0.7 nm ultramicropores, and closed pores) are elucidated through the rational design of model HC materials derived from a homologous zinc gluconate. It is demonstrated that closed pores (2–3 nm) serve as the dominant contributor to the low-voltage plateau capacity via quasi-metallic sodium cluster formation. Ultramicropores significantly enhance the initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE, up to 93.5%) by enabling selective desolvated Na + access while restricting electrolyte ingress, though they contribute only secondarily to the plateau capacity via adsorption. In contrast, open pores exacerbate irreversible electrolyte decomposition, impairing ICE. The optimized material, ZHC600-1300, delivers a high reversible capacity of 414.8 mAh g −1 , an exceptional ICE of 93.1%, a superior plateau capacity (306 mAh g −1 ), and remarkable cycling stability. When configured in full cells, it delivers a high energy density of 321.5 Wh kg −1 , demonstrating great potential for practical applications. This work provides fundamental insights into pore-dependent sodium storage mechanisms and establishes a design principle for high-performance HC anodes.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
储能
·
电化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）