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Experimental investigation of thermochemical energy storage performance and mechanical integrity of modified CaCO3 in a directly irradiated solar fluidized bed

Mingyu Liu,Sheng Chen,Jianhong Fu,Yunhao Huang,Shuang Liu,Wenqiang Liu

Thermochemical energy storage via the calcium-looping process is a highly promising technology for next-generation concentrated solar power systems. However, the development of efficient and stably operated solar-driven chemical reactors remains a significant challenge. This study provides a comprehensive investigation into the energy storage performance of Al/Fe/Mn co-doped CaCO 3 particles in a kilogram-scale, directly irradiated fluidized-bed reactor, systematically evaluating the spatiotemporal temperature distribution, reaction kinetics, and particle degradation mechanisms under varying fluidizing gas velocities. At low flow rates, a fixed-bed state resulted in severe particle sintering and incomplete reaction. Conversely, under fluidized conditions, particle conversion consistently exceeded 90%. However, while excessively high gas velocities further improved temperature uniformity, the associated convective heat loss limited the reaction rate, leading to a substantial increase in the characteristic reaction time. An optimal flow rate of 18 L/min minimized the calcination time to 18.35 min and yielded a peak solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency. Particle degradation was found to be governed by a complex interplay between thermal stress-induced fragmentation (dominant at low flow rates) and mechanical attrition (dominant at high flow rates). Furthermore, significant density-induced particle segregation was observed across all flow rates, with denser, unreacted CaCO 3 particles accumulating at the bottom of the bed. This study provides critical insights into the intricate trade-offs between thermal performance, material integrity, and particle dynamics, which are paramount for the rational design and reliable scale-up of solar thermochemical reactors.