The perovskite solar cell (PSC) is undergoing intense study to meet sustainable energy and environmental demands. However, large-sized solar cells will degrade the power conversion efficiency, thus concentrating light on small-size devices would be a solution. Here, we report the performance of a p–i–n structured device using CH3NH3PbI3(MAPbI3) as the active layer with an area of 6 mm2. We prove that the power output would be up to 4.2 mW under 10 Suns compared to the 0.9 mW obtained under 1 Sun; however, this results in an actual efficiency drop of the PSC. Further, using a SCAPS device simulation, we found that the intrinsic properties, such as mobility and defect density, of MAPbI3has no profound influence on the relationship between light intensity and power conversion efficiency (PCE), but the series resistance is the dominant limiting factor on the performance of the PSC under high illumination intensities. Our work suggests the potential of perovskite in concentrating photovoltaics and makes recommendations for future development.
Marine microalgae serve as an aquaculture bait. To enhance algal cell growth and breeding profits, high-intensity light conditions are standard for cultivating bait microalgae, potentially altering microalgal metabolite production. This research revealed that Thalassiosira pseudonana, when subjected to high-intensity light conditions, accumulated significant quantities of retinal (RAL) that transferred through the food chain and transformed into all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) in marine medaka. The study further explored the toxic effects on individual fish and specific tissues, as well as the mechanisms behind this toxicity. The accumulation of atRA in the liver, intestine, and spinal column resulted in structural damage and tissue inflammation, as well as oxidative stress. It also down-regulated the gene transcription levels of key pathways involved in immune function and growth. Furthermore, it disrupted the homeostasis of the intestinal microbial communities. The implications for wildlife and human health, which are influenced by the regulation of microalgal metabolite accumulation and their transfer via the food chain, require further investigation and could hold broader significance.
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