Yan Xu,Yiqun Cheng,Zongshuai Zhu,Haoyu Guo,Anthony Pius Bassey,Tianran Huang,Yongqiang Huang,Ming Huang
The effect of different levels (0.01%, 0.03%, 0.05% and 0.10%) of mulberry leaf ( Morus alba L.) extract (MLE) on the formation of free and bound heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in pan-fried muscovy duck ( Cairina moschata ) patties were investigated for the first time. Precursors of HCAs, oxidant index of patties and phenolic composition of MLE were measured. The total free and bound HCAs levels in control samples were 28.37 ng/g and 1935.65 ng/g, and the inhibition rates were 6.71–68.92% and 6.71–14.05% in MLE treatment groups, respectively, and 0.03% showed the strongest inhibitory effect. OPLS-DA result indicated that MeIQ, 8-MeIQx and Norharman were crucial differential compounds in total HCAs. Furthermore, the addition of MLE significantly inhibited the lipid and protein oxidation of patties ( P < 0.05). Fifteen phenolic compounds , mainly flavonoids , were identified by LC-MS. The mitigation of HCAs and oxidation may be attributed to them. Correlation analysis indicated that the total HCAs content was negatively correlated with precursors but positively correlated with oxidation. In conclusion, MLE helped mitigate HCAs formation during muscovy duck processing and appeared to be a viable natural additive for producing healthier processed meat products .
Antibiotics and microplastics (MPs) have become critical concerns worldwide because of their increasing amount and ecological risks to ecosystems. However, how MPs exposure affects the bioaccumulation and risks of antibiotics in waterfowls remains poorly understood. In this study, Muscovy ducks were exposed to single and combined contamination with polystyrene MPs and chlortetracycline (CTC) for 56 days, and the effects of MPs on CTC bioaccumulation and their risks in duck intestines were investigated. MPs exposure reduced the bioaccumulation of CTC in the intestine and liver of ducks and increased their fecal CTC excretion. MPs exposure caused severe oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and intestinal barrier damages. Microbiome analysis showed that MPs exposure induced microbiota dysbiosis by increasing the abundance of Streptococcus and Helicobacter , the increase of which may exacerbate intestinal damages. Co-exposure to MPs and CTC alleviated the intestinal damage by regulating the gut microbiome. Metagenomic sequencing revealed that the combined exposure to MPs and CTC increased the abundance of Prevotella , Faecalibacterium , and Megamonas and incidence of total antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), especially tetracycline ARGs subtypes in the gut microbiota. The results obtained herein provide new insights into the potential risks of polystyrene MPs and antibiotics in waterfowls living in aquatic environments.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）