Insects
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2021
·Vol. 12
·期 6
·507
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IF 2.769
Yan Lu,Shouyu Zhang,Shibo Sun,Minghuo Wu,Yongming Bao,Huiyan Tong,Miaomiao Ren,Ning Jin,Jianqiang Xu,Hao Zhou,Weiping Xu
Simple SummaryBlack soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have received global research interest and industrial application due to their high performance on the organic waste treatment. However, the substrate C/N property, which may affect larvae development and the waste bioconversion process greatly, is significantly less studied. The current study focused on the food waste treatment by BSFL, compared the nitrogen supplying effects of 9 nitrogen species (i.e., NH4Cl, NaNO3, urea, uric acid, Gly, L-Glu, L-Glu:L-Asp (1:1,w/w), soybean flour, and fish meal), and further examined the C/N effects on the larval development and bioconversion process. We found that NH4Cl and NaNO3led to poor larval growth and survival, while 7 organic nitrogen species exerted no harm to the larvae. Urea was further chosen to adjust the C/Ns. Results showed that lowering the C/N from the initial 21:1 to 18:1–14:1 improved the waste reduction and larvae production performance, and C/N of 18:1–16:1 was further beneficial for the larval protein and lipid bioconversion, whereas C/N of 12:1–10:1 resulted in a significant performance decline. Therefore, the C/N range of 18:1–16:1 is likely the optimal condition for food waste treatment by BSFL and adjusting food waste C/N with urea could be a practical method for the performance improvement.AbstractBiowaste treatment by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL,Hermetia illucens) has received global research interest and growing industrial application. Larvae farming conditions, such as temperature, pH, and moisture, have been critically examined. However, the substrate carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N), one of the key parameters that may affect larval survival and bioconversion efficiency, is significantly less studied. The current study aimed to compare the nitrogen supplying effects of 9 nitrogen species (i.e., NH4Cl, NaNO3, urea, uric acid, Gly, L-Glu, L-Glu:L-Asp (1:1,w/w), soybean flour, and fish meal) during food waste larval treatment, and further examine the C/N effects on the larval development and bioconversion process, using the C/N adjustment with urea from the initial 21:1 to 18:1, 16:1, 14:1, 12:1, and 10:1, respectively. The food wastes were supplied with the same amount of nitrogen element (1 g N/100 g dry wt) in the nitrogen source trial and different amount of urea in the C/N adjustment trial following larvae treatment. The results showed that NH4Cl and NaNO3caused significant harmful impacts on the larval survival and bioconversion process, while the 7 organic nitrogen species resulted in no significant negative effect. Further adjustment of C/N with urea showed that the C/N range between 18:1 and 14:1 was optimal for a high waste reduction performance (73.5–84.8%,p< 0.001) and a high larvae yield (25.3–26.6%,p= 0.015), while the C/N range of 18:1 to 16:1 was further optimal for an efficient larval protein yield (10.1–11.1%,p= 0.003) and lipid yield (7.6–8.1%,p= 0.002). The adjustment of C/N influenced the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD,p= 0.015), whereas exerted no obvious impact on the larval amino acid composition. Altogether, organic nitrogen is more suitable than NH4Cl and NaNO3as the nitrogen amendment during larval food waste treatment, addition of small amounts of urea, targeting C/N of 18:1–14:1, would improve the waste reduction performance, and application of C/N at 18:1–16:1 would facilitate the larval protein and lipid bioconversion process.Keywords:nitrogen source;carbon to nitrogen ratio;food waste;urea;black soldier fly larvae;Hermetia illucens
研究领域:
环境科学
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昆虫学
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废弃物处理
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
WASTE MANAGEMENT
·
2023
·
IF 8.1
Hongxu Lu,Yanxia Liu,Wenyue Shen,Yang Zhou,Xiangwei Ma,Shibo Sun,Xiaoying Dong,Fengyun Ji,Huiyan Tong,Jianqiang Xu,Gaohong He,Weiping Xu
Food waste can be converted into insectile fatty acids (FAs) by the larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL), Hermetia illucens , for use in the feed sector or as a source of biodiesel. However, waste oil was less decomposed than carbohydrate or protein in frass due to the limitation of larval lipid metabolism. In this study, 10 yeast strains were screened, corresponding to six species, to examine their capacity of improving lipid transformation performance by BSFL. The species of Candida lipolytica was superior to the other five species, which exhibited significantly higher lipid reduction rate (95.0–97.1 %) than the control (88.7 %), and the larval FA yields achieved 82.3–115.5 % of the food waste FA matters, suggesting that BSFL not only transformed waste oil but also biosynthesized FAs from waste carbohydrate and other substances. Further, the CL2 strain of Candida lipolytica was examined for treating food waste containing high lipid content (16–32 %). The lipid removal rate was found improved from 21.4 to 42.3 % (control) to 80.5–93.3% in the waste containing 20–32 % lipid. The upper limit of lipid content that could be endured by BSFL was ≈16 %, and the CL2-enrichment elevated the upper limit to ≈24 %. Fungal community analysis indicated that Candida spp. accounted for the lipid removal improvement. The Candida spp. CL2 strain may facilitate the lipid reduction and transformation by BSFL through microbial catabolizing and assimilation of waste FAs. Altogether, this study suggests that yeast enrichment is feasible in improving lipid transformation by BSFL especially for food waste exhibiting high lipid content.
研究领域:
环境科学
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昆虫学
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微生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
·
2023
·Vol. 30
·期 26
·69473-69485
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IF 5.8
Liu Shanshan,Xu Longqian,Lin Xiaoqing,Zhang Jiaming,Wu Deli
Removing ammonia from black water is one of the most urgent issues before it can be recycled as flushing water. In this study, an electrochemical oxidation (EO) process with commercial Ti/IrO 2 -RuO 2 anodes to treat black water could remove 100% of different concentrations of ammonia by adjusting the dosage of chloride. Through the relationship between ammonia, chloride, and corresponding the pseudo-first-order degradation rate constant ( K obs ), we could determine the chloride dosage and predict the kinetics of ammonia oxidation based on initial ammonia concentration in black water. The optimal N/Cl molar ratio was 1:1.8. The difference between black water and the model solution in terms of ammonia removal efficiency and oxidation products was explored. A higher chloride dosage was beneficial for removing ammonia and shortening the treatment cycle, but it also led to the generation of toxic by-products. Especially HClO and ClO 3 − generated in black water were 1.2 and 1.5 times more than the synthesized model solution under 40 mA cm −2 . Through SEM characterization of electrodes and repeated experiments, the electrodes always maintained a high treatment efficiency. These results demonstrated the potential of the electrochemical process as a treatment method for black water.
研究领域:
环境科学
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污水处理
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
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2024
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IF 7.7
Xiangxiang Ni,Chengcheng Chen,Ruixi Li,Qiwei Liu,Chaoyi Duan,Xiu Wang,Mingfeng Xu
In the process of utilizing black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) lipids to develop biodiesel, many by-products will be produced, especially the underutilized protein components. These proteins can be recycled through appropriate treatment and technology, such as the preparation of feed, biofertilizers or other kinds of bio-products, so as to achieve the efficient use of resources and reduce the generation of waste. Myofibrillar protein (MP), as the most important component of protein, is highly susceptible to environmental influences, leading to oxidation and deterioration, which ultimately affects the overall performance of the protein and product quality. For it to be high-quality and fully exploited, in this study, black soldier fly myofibrillar protein (BMP) was extracted and primarily subjected to ultrasonic treatment to investigate the impact of varying ultrasonic powers (300, 500, 700, 900 W) on the structure and functional properties of BMP. The results indicated that as ultrasonic power increased, the sulfhydryl content and turbidity of BMP decreased, leading to a notable improvement in the stability of the protein emulsion system. SEM images corroborated the changes in the microstructure of BMP. Moreover, the enhancement of ultrasound power induced modifications in the intrinsic fluorescence spectra and FTIR spectra of BMP. Additionally, ultrasonic treatment resulted in an increase in carbonyl content and emulsifying activity of BMP, with both peaking at 500 W. It was noteworthy that BMP treated with ultrasound exhibited stronger digestibility compared to the untreated. In summary, 500 W was determined as the optimal ultrasound parameter for this study. Overall, ultrasound modification of insect MPs emerges as a dependable technique capable of altering the structure and functionality of BMP.
研究领域:
食品科学
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蛋白质工程
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY
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2020
·Vol. 44
·期 5
·e13186
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IF 1.662
Ding Zhu,Xuewei Huang,Fen Tu,Cunwen Wang,Fang Yang
Black soldier fly larvae protein (BLP) was hydrolyzed using alcalase, neutrase, trypsin, and papain. The BLP hydrolysates (BLPHs) were fractionated by ultrafiltration into three peptide fractions of molecular weight (<3 kDa, 3–10 kDa and >10 kDa). Their antioxidant activities in vitro and the amino acid composition were determined. Results showed that the alcalase was more efficient in hydrolyzing the BLP into oligopeptides. BLPHs-I presented the best scavenging activity to superoxide radicals, hydroxyl radicals, DPPH, and ABTS radicals. The best scavenging activities were found in BLPHs-I containing high levels of aromatic and hydrophobic amino acids. Seventeen novel sequences with typical features of well-known antioxidant proteins were identified by LC-MS/MS. Results demonstrated that BLPHs-I possesses a great capacity as antioxidant peptides applied in functional foods. Practical applications Black soldier fly larvae protein (BLP) can also be hydrolyzed to produce antioxidant peptides and their sequences were identified. It can be used in pharmaceutical products and functional foods.
研究领域:
食品科学
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生物化学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Food Bioscience
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2024
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IF 4.8
Qingzhi Ding,Yuan Zheng,Yongqi Zhu,Huamin Yang,Lin Luo,Haile Ma,Xiaoran Li
The individual and combined inhibitory activities of propolis extract (PE) and Hermetia illucens larval proteins (Black soldier fly larvae proteins) (BSFLP) against Aspergillus niger were investigated. The antifungal effects of PE, BSFLP and Synergy of PE and BSFLP (SPB) against Aspergillus niger were determined by mycelial growth , spore germination rate and hyphal elongation. Membrane integrity was measured by assessing changes in extracellular proteins, reducing sugars, and electrical conductivity . Intracellular MDA , H 2 O 2 , ergosterol , and mannan contents were also evaluated. SEM was used to observe the morphology of the Aspergillus niger mycelium . Additionally, AutoDock Tools software and multi-ligand docking methods were used to study the synergistic interactions of ligand combinations on the receptor. The results showed that the combination of PE and BSFLP had excellent effects. During the treatment of antifungal agents, the membrane permeability changed and a large amount of content leaked, while control check (CK) remained almost unchanged. Ergosterol content was found to increase, while mannan content decreased significantly, leading to cell death. In addition, SPB can cause abnormal accumulation of MDA and H 2 O 2 , leading to oxidative stress in cells. SEM results showed that morphology of Aspergillus niger treated with SPB was severe wrinkling, distortion and even breakage. Multi-ligand docking results showed that the binding affinity of receptor 1KS5 to 14 complex ligands increased, as indicated by the decrease in docking energy values. These results provide scientific basis for further study on the application of SPB and development of effective antifungal products.
研究领域:
微生物学
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食品科学
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药理学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
BioTech
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2024
·Vol. 13
·期 3
·31
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IF 2.7
Wenyue Shen,Ranxia Xue,Yanxia Liu,Shibo Sun,Xi Chen,Dongye Sun,Han Ouyang,Yuxin Li,Jianqiang Xu,Xiaoying Dong,Fengyun Ji,Weiping Xu
The black soldier fly is a valuable resource insect capable of transforming organic waste while producing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The inhibition zone assay (IZA) is a method used to demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of AMPs. This study aimed to examine the experimental principles and establish a standardized IZA method. Results indicated that the AMPs extract consisted of proteins ranging in molecular weights from 0 to 40 kDa. The AMPs diffused radially on an agar plate through an Oxford cup. The diffusion radius was influenced by the concentration and volume of the AMPs but ultimately determined by the mass of the AMPs. The swabbing method was found to be effective for inoculating bacteria on the agar plate. Among the conditions tested, the plate nutrient concentration was the most sensitive factor for the IZA, followed by bacterial concentration and incubation time. Optimal conditions for the IZA included a nutrient plate of 0.5× TSA, a bacterial concentration of 106CFU/mL, and an incubation time of 12 h, with oxytetracycline (OTC) at 0.01 mg/mL serving as the positive control. The antimicrobial-specific activity of AMPs could be standardized by the ratio of inhibition zone diameters between AMPs and OTC. These findings contribute to the standardization of the IZA method for profiling the antimicrobial activity of AMPs.
研究领域:
昆虫学
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微生物学
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生物技术
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Environmental Technology & Innovation
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2025
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IF 7.1
Haixu Zhang,Sen Yang,Xilu Zhang,Yaxin Pei,Mengxiao Chen,Hongge Chen,Jiran Zhang
Cyromazine, a widely used insect growth regulator, accumulates in livestock manure and poses risks to beneficial insects such as black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) during waste bioconversion. This study isolated two bacterial strains capable of degrading cyromazine, Bacillus subtilis CYR1 (CYR1) and Bacillus velezensis CYR2 (CYR2), from contaminated chicken manure. Both strains demonstrated significant degradation efficiency via hydrolysis of cyromazine to cyanuric acid, a less toxic metabolite. However, in chicken manure systems, degradation efficiency reached a plateau at approximately 20%, likely due to preferential utilization of alternative nitrogen sources and inherent metabolic constraints. These findings highlight the potential of microbial remediation to mitigate cyromazine contamination while underscoring the need for strain optimization and comprehensive ecotoxicological assessments.
研究领域:
环境科学
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微生物学
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昆虫学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
DESALINATION
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2022
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IF 11.211
Junkai Gao,Tian Ling,Jiangyi Li,Yan Cao,Jiangyu Fang,Yan Chen
The scarcity of water resources has led to an urgent need to utilize seawater to obtain fresh water. Hydrogel evaporator shows great promise for solar seawater desalination . However, hydrogel evaporator faces great challenges in practical application owing to its poor stability and complex preparation. To solve this problem, we reported a simple, controllable and eco-friendly solvent evaporation regulating strategy for the preparation of durable black hydrogel evaporator (Fe-PTPU) for the first time. The strategy can regulate and control the distribution and thickness of the hydrogel coating generated in situ on the evaporator skeleton, which can effectively avoid blocking the evaporator pores, enabling the formation of three-dimensional evaporation and improving the rate of solar steam generation. Additionally, this strategy for preparation of high-strength polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel can avoid repeated freeze-thawing, which is time and energy-saving. The Fe-PTPU showed remarkable evaporation rate as high as 2.65 kg m −2 h −1 and outstanding evaporation efficiency of 90.17 % under one sun. Particularly, it was found that the Fe-PTPU exhibited great stability, flexibility and scalability. Moreover, excellent anti-oil, salt-rejecting and self-cleaning performances of Fe-PTPU were proved. Hence, these properties of Fe-PTPU ensured its high durability and applicability for solar seawater desalination.
研究领域:
材料科学
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环境工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
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2022
·
IF 10.753
Shouyu Zhang,Pu Xiong,Yongsheng Ma,Ning Jin,Shibo Sun,Xiaoying Dong,Xiaodong Li,Jianqiang Xu,Hao Zhou,Weiping Xu
Insect biorefinery by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens , has emerged as an innovative technique for the valorization of food waste. However, despite BSFL being an attractive natural source of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), there is a scarcity of research on the antimicrobial activity and transcriptome expression of AMPs derived from BSFL following waste treatment. In the present study, food waste treatment was performed by BSFL with a substrate C/N ratio ranging from 21:1 to 10:1, marine Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP) was selected as the model aquaculture pathogen, the antimicrobial activities of AMPs in vitro and zebrafish in vivo were examined, and the molecular mechanism of the C/N-dependent AMP difference was expounded. Findings were made that the AMP extract of C/N16:1 resulted in relatively higher antimicrobial activity in vitro than that of other C/Ns. Further, the AMPs of C/N16:1 exhibited a promising in vivo defense effect for elevating the 96-h survival rate of zebrafish from 0% to 39% after VP infection , comparable to the animal antibiotic sulfamethoxidine. The results of transcriptome analysis reveal that lysozymes were the highest expressed components in the AMP gene family. The C/N16:1 BSFL significantly up-regulated 12 out of 51 lysozyme genes compared with C/N21:1, which likely contributed to the improvement of AMP antimicrobial activity. Further, C/N16:1 significantly up-regulated the expression of lysozyme, glycosyl hydrolase and muscle protein genes compared with C/N21:1, which likely enhanced the defense ability of the immune system, the utilization of the starch-like substrate, and the mobility of the larvae, thereby facilitating the larval transformation and AMP production. Overall, such results indicate that waste C/N ratio interacted with the activity and expression of BSFL AMPs through transcriptome regulation, and the BSFL AMPs derived from food waste could be used for the defense against marine pathogens to support the sustainable development of aquaculture.
研究领域:
环境科学
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微生物学
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水产养殖
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分子生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
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2024
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IF 8
Qingcheng Cao,Cuncheng Liu,Li Chen,Yuanhang Qin,Tielin Wang,Cunwen Wang
Hermetia illucens larvae showcases remarkable bioremediation capabilities for both antibiotics and heavy metal contaminants. However, the distinctions in larval intestinal microbiota arising from the single and combined effects of antibiotics and heavy metals remain poorly elucidated. In this study, we delved into the details of larval intestinal bacterial communities and microbial metabolites when exposed to single and combined contaminants of oxytetracycline (OTC) and hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)). After conversion, single contaminant-spiked substrate showed 75.5% of OTC degradation and 95.2% of Cr(VI) reductiuon, while combined contaminant-spiked substrate exhibited 71.3% of OTC degradation and 93.4% of Cr(VI) reductiuon. Single and combined effects led to differences in intestinal bacterial communities, mainly reflected in the genera of Enterococcus , Pseudogracilibacillus , Gracilibacillus , Wohlfahrtiimonas , Sporosarcina , Lysinibacillus , and Myroide . Moreover, these effects also induced differences across various categories of microbial metabolites, which categorized into amino acid and its metabolites, benzene and substituted derivatives, carbohydrates and its metabolites, heterocyclic compounds , hormones and hormone-related compounds, nucleotide and its metabolites, and organic acid and its derivatives. In particular, the differences induced OTC was greater than that of Cr(VI), and combined effects increased the complexity of microbial metabolism compared to that of single contaminant. Correlation analysis indicated that the bacterial genera, Preudogracilibacillus , Enterococcus , Sporosarcina , Lysinibacillus , Wohlfahrtiimonas , Ignatzschineria , and Fusobacterium exhibited significant correlation with significant differential metabolites, these might be used as indicators for the resistance and bioremediation of OTC and Cr(VI) contaminants. These findings are conducive to further understanding that the metabolism of intestinal microbiota determines the resistance of Hermetia illucens to antibiotics and heavy metals.
研究领域:
环境科学
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微生物学
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生态毒理学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY
·
2024
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IF 9.7
Ruju Zhang,Yingpeng Zhang,Yonglan Xi,Jin Zhou,Ting Han,Qiuqin Ma,Cong Wang,Fei Zhu,Xiaomei Ye
Initiating aerobic fermentation under low temperature is the main challenge for winter livestock manure composting. This study aims to address this issue by applying black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) frass as a co-composting additive to enhance the low-temperature composting process. Specifically, this work explored the effects of chicken manure and BSFL frass co-composting on the temperature, humus content, and microorganisms with fresh weight ratio of 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 (w/w) at 6 °C. The result showed frass could rapidly rise the temperature to 50 °C and significantly increased the humus content by 15.6 % ∼ 26.3 %. Moreover, microbial analysis revealed that Sphingobacteriaceae accelerated temperature rise via low-temperature reproduction, creating proper temperature for thermophilic bacteria ( Truepera and Georgia ). Additionally, Cellulomonas and other bacteria promoted organic matter degradation and participated in humus formation. This study presents a novel solution for low-temperature composting, providing practical insights for improving manure management in winter.
研究领域:
环境科学
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农业工程
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微生物学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）