Alzheimer's disease (AD) is mainly manifested by cognitive dysfunction, accompanied by excessive β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition and neuroinflammation. The regulation of vagus nerve (VN) signal transmission is crucial for influencing the pathological progression of AD and exploring new therapeutic approaches. Two doses of 2'-FL (500 &1000 mg/kg) were administered orally to AD model mice. The 2'-FL rescued spatial and recognition memory deficits in AD mice. Moreover, 2'-FL reduced Aβ deposition and neuroinflammation. The 2'-FL enhances c-Fos expression in the NTS. This suggested that 2'-FL alleviated AD related cognition by enhancing VN afferent activity. Vagotomy demonstrated that the alleviation of AD related cognition by 2'-FL depended on the presence of VN. Moreover, 2'-FL enhanced gut barrier function, alleviated gut inflammatory. Notably, 2'-FL also reshaped the gut microbiota composition, increasing the relative abundance of Intestinimonas, Muribaculum, and others. Moreover, 2'-FL promoted the production of SCFAs. Correlation analysis showed that propionate was highly correlated with other related indicators. After vagotomy, although 2'-FL promoted the SCFAs production, it didn't alleviate cognitive impairment. This suggested that the neuroprotective effect of SCFAs could also be partially dependent on the VN. 2'-FL rescued the cognitive deficits in AD mice, which was partly explained by changes in gut microbial composition, production of SCFAs, and the presence of VN.
Background/Objectives: Infant diarrhea is a major global cause of morbidity and mortality. WhileBifidobacteriumis linked to diarrhea, its preventive effects, underlying mechanisms, and potential synergistic benefits with prebiotics remain unclear. The objective of this study was to explore the efficacy of a synbiotic composed ofBifidobacterium animalissubsp.lactisBB-12 (BB-12) and 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) in alleviating infant diarrhea.Methods: One-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used to construct a model of infant diarrhea via infection with enteropathogenicEscherichia coli(EPEC) O127. Mice were administered BB-12 (108CFU per mouse), 2′-FL (1 g/kg), or their combination (synbiotic) for three consecutive weeks.Results: Administration of the synbiotic not only markedly improved diarrhea, anxiety-like behavior, colon inflammation, and gut barrier function but also positively reshaped the microbial community. This was achieved through a significant rise in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria (e.g.,AkkermansiaandParaprevotella), a rise in fecal SCFAs, and a reduction in harmful bacteria such asEscherichia.Conclusions: The synbiotic effectively relieves EPEC-induced infant diarrhea by regulating gut microbiota composition and metabolic functions. These findings highlight its potential as a dietary intervention in infant diarrhea and provide new insights into infant health applications.
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