The measurement of 210 Pb is significant in environmental studies. Lead separation in HCl solution is a vital procedure but suffers from poor efficiency with high labor and time costs. To overcome this problem, a novel anion exchange resin was synthesized and characterized by different techniques followed by studies on the adsorption behaviors towards lead in HCl solution. The results suggest that SiPS-N(CH 3 ) 3 Cl was successfully prepared with small particle size, low water swelling rate, and large specific surface area. The maximum anion exchange capacity resulted from quaternary amine groups was determined to be 1.0 mmol (Cl − )/g. The adsorption activities reached equilibrium within 5 min under selected conditions offering extremely fast adsorption kinetics. The synergistic adsorption mechanism and the competition from co-existing chloride anions were found to be responsible for the lead adsorption performance of SiPS-N(CH 3 ) 3 Cl. Column experiments showed that the feeding volume of lead and HCl had impact on the chemical yield regardless of the co-existence of high concentrations of FeCl 3 (90 mM) and a high flow speed (4.0 mL/min). Based on these results, a separation process integrating SiPS-N(CH 3 ) 3 Cl and the matched parameters was finally developed and tested. Our work greatly raised the lead separation efficiency in HCl solutions with implications for measuring 210 Pb in environmental samples.
The toxicity of radioactive metals arises from both chemical toxicity and radiotoxicity.210Pb(II) is a long-lived radionuclide in the decay chain of natural uranium series238U and exhibits extremely high toxicity. Both210Pb(II) and Pb(II) are widely present in natural water bodies. However, their combined toxicity remains unclear. Based on this, this study used zebrafish embryos as model organisms to investigate developmental toxicity, behavioral toxicity, and thyroid disruption effects, through single and combined exposure to Pb(II) (0, 1, 10, 100 μg/L) and210Pb(II) (0, 100, 1000 Bq/L) for 120 h by comparing the radiotoxicity of210Pb(II) with the chemical toxicity of Pb(II) and further exploring their combined effects. The results showed that following exposure to different environmental concentrations of Pb(II) and environmental activity levels of210Pb(II), exposure to Pb(II) alone caused an increase in the malformation rate of zebrafish embryos, a decrease in locomotor activity, and significant upregulation of thyroid-related genes, including thyroid hormone receptor beta (TRβ) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in the larvae. Exposure to210Pb(II) alone had no significant effects on zebrafish embryos. Notably, compared with the individual exposure groups, the toxic effects in the combined exposure group of Pb(II) and210Pb(II) were further significantly enhanced. Furthermore, correlation analysis indicated a positive correlation between malformations in zebrafish embryos and the expression of key genes in the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis. These findings suggest that under combined exposure, the chemical toxicity of Pb(II) plays a dominant role, while the radioactive component210Pb(II) exerts a synergistic amplification effect. This study provides important scientific evidence for improving the environmental risk assessment of radioactive metals.
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