FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
·
2014
·
IF 2.61
Chang Li,Shao-Ping Nie,Yong-qiang Zhou,Ming-Yong Xie
3-monochoropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) esters from edible oils are considered to be a possible risk factor for adverse effects in human. In the present study, the exposure assessment of 3-MCPD esters to Chinese population was performed. A total of 143 edible oil and fat samples collected from Chinese markets were determined for the concentrations of 3-MCPD esters. The concentration data together with the data of fats consumed were analyzed by the point evaluation and probabilistic assessment for the exposure assessment. The point evaluation showed that the mean daily intake (DI) of 3-MCPD esters were lower than the value of provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 3-MCPD (2 µg/kg BW/d). The mean DI values in different age groups obtained from probabilistic assessment were similar to the results of the point evaluation. However, in high percentiles (95th, 97.5th, 99th), the DI values in all age groups were undesirably higher than the value of PMTDI. Overall, the children and adolescents exposed more to 3-MCPD esters than the adults. Uncertainty was also analyzed for the exposure assessment. Decreasing the level of 3-MCPD esters in edible oils and consuming less oil were top priority to minimize the risk of 3-MCPD esters.
研究领域:
食品安全
·
毒理学
·
营养学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
·
2021
·
IF 0.668
Zhe Zheng,Mingwu Qiao,Zhongwei Zhang,Chang Li
The effects of three phytosterols (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol) on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters and the possible mechanism were investigated in this study. Model reaction with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol (DPG) and sodium chloride as the reacting precursors was adopted to investigate effects of three phytosterols on the formation of 3-MCPD esters. The results showed that three phytosterols exhibited inhibiting activity on the formation of 3-MCPD esters in the model reactions. ESR signal detection indicated that the phytosterols suppressed the formation of free radical in the model reactions. In addtion, 3-chloro-Δ5-cholestenes were detected in the reaction models by using UPLC-APCI-MS. It suggested that phytosterols reacted with chloride and transformed to 3-chloro-Δ5-cholestenes. Therefore, the possible mechanism of phytosterols inhibiting the formation of 3-MCPD esters could be proposed that phytosterols suppressed formation of free radical intermediates in model reactions and competed with DPG for chloride ion to reduce the formation of 3-MCPD esters.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Foods
·
2022
·Vol. 11
·期 24
·4073
·
IF 5.561
Yingrui Ji,Dongming Lan,Weifei Wang,Kok Ming Goh,Chin Ping Tan,Yonghua Wang
With the prevalence of edible diacylglycerol (DAG) oil, which is beneficial to human, the generation of 3-monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl esters (GE) as well as the stability of physical properties during heat-induced processing still need to be explored. In this study, the experiment used olive-based edible oil with different contents of DAG (40, 60, and 80%) to make crackers and fry chicken. They were heated at 160 and 180 °C to determine the changes in 3-MCPDE and GE, the crackers’ hardness and gumminess, and the physical properties of the oil. During baking and frying, 3-MCPDE decreased, while the content of GE slightly increased with the prolonged heating duration. Finally, 3-MCPDE and GE were lower than 1.25 mg/kg and 1.00 mg/kg, respectively. The AV increased proportionally as duration increased and POV was below 0.30 g/100 g. In general, the changes in 3-MCPDE and GE were related to the heating temperature and duration, and not significantly (p> 0.05) related to the content of DAG.Keywords:3-MCPD ester;glycidyl ester;diacylglycerol;crackers;frying oil
研究领域:
食品科学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2015
·
IF 2.912
Chang Li,Hanbing Jia,Mingyue Shen,Yuting Wang,Shaoping Nie,Yi Chen,Yongqiang Zhou,Yuanxing Wang,Mingyong Xie
The capacities of six antioxidants to inhibit the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2 diol (3-MCPD) esters were examined in this study. Inhibitory capacities of the antioxidants were investigated both in chemical models containing the precursors (tripalmitoyl glycerol, 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycerol, monopalmitoyl glycerol, and sodium chloride) of 3-MCPD esters and in oil models (rapeseed oil and sodium chloride). Six antioxidants, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA), tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ), propyl gallate (PG), l-ascorbyl palmitate (AP), and α-tocopherol (VE), were found to exhibit inhibiting capacities on 3-MCPD ester formation both in chemical models and in oil models. TBHQ provided the highest inhibitory capacity both in chemical models and in oil models; 44% of 3-MCPD ester formation was inhibited in the presence of TBHQ (66 mg/kg of oil) after heating of rapeseed oil at 230 °C for 30 min, followed by PG and AP. BHT, BHA, and VE appeared to have weaker inhibitory abilities in both models. VE exhibited the lowest inhibition rate; 22% of 3-MCPD esters were inhibited in the presence of VE (172 mg/kg of oil) after heating of rapeseed oil at 230 °C for 30 min. In addition, the inhibition rates of PG and VE decreased dramatically with an increase in temperature or heating time. The results suggested that some antioxidants, such as TBHQ, PG, and AP, could be the potential inhibitors of 3-MCPD esters in practice.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
LWT-FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
·
2021
·
IF 4.952
Zhaoxian Huang,Dan Xie,Zhenyu Cao,Zengwang Guo,Liang Chen,Lianzhou Jiang,Xiaonan Sui,Zhongjiang Wang
The effects of sodium chloride (NaCl) and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) on 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) ester and glycidyl esters (GEs) contents were investigated during long-term deep-frying (177 °C, 4 days). The properties of fried food probably affect the formation of 3-MCPD esters and GEs in frying oil. Less NaCl promoted lower 3-MCPD ester and GEs contents, contents of 3-MCPD ester and GEs in the extracted oils from Youtiao (0 mg/kg TBHQ) reduced from 1.272 to 0.360 mg/kg and 0.559 to 0.346 mg/kg, respectively, while the amount of NaCl in Youtiao reduced from 1.5 to 0.0 g/100 g. TBHQ possibly decreased the 3-MCPD ester and GEs contents by suppressing the formation of radical intermediates. The 3-MCPD ester and GEs contents in the extracted oils from Youtiao (1.5 g/100 g NaCl) decreased from 1.221 to 0.893 mg/kg and 0.534 to 0.312 mg/kg, respectively, while the amount of TBHQ in Youtiao increased from 0 to 300 mg/kg. The formation of 3-MCPD esters might be accompanied by decomposition, GEs were rarely generated but decomposed during long-term frying. 3-MCPD esters and GEs entered fried food through frying oil, and the 3-MCPD ester and GEs contents in the extracted oil from Youtiao were closely related to those in the frying oils.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2016
·
IF 2.857
Yue Zhao,Yaqiong Zhang,Zhongfei Zhang,Jie Liu,Yi-Lin Wang,Boyan Gao,Yuge Niu,Xiangjun Sun,Liangli Yu
Formation of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) esters from monostearoyl glycerol (MSG) was investigated under high temperature and low moisture conditions. Different organic and inorganic chlorides, including lindane, KCl, CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, CuCl2, MnCl2, SnCl2, ZnCl2, and FeCl3, were evaluated for their potential to react with MSG to form 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters at 120 and 240 °C using a UPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis. The results indicated that different chlorine compounds differed in their capacity to react with MSG and formed different products including 3-MCPD mono- and diesters, distearoylglycerol, and glycidyl esters. According to electron spin resonance (ESR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies, free radical mediated formation mechanisms involving either five-membered or six-membered cyclic acyloxonium free radicals (CAFR) from monoacylglycerol (MAG) were proposed. Tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) MS and MS/MS analyses confirmed the free radical mechanisms. In addition, the results from the present study showed that 3-MCPD monoester could be degraded upon thermal treatment and suggested a possible catalytic role of Fe3+ under the experimental conditions.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
分析化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2023
·Vol. 28
·期 8
·3616
·
IF 4.6
Liqun Zhang,Pinggu Wu,Xiaoling Xiang,Dajin Yang,Liyuan Wang,Zhengyan Hu
Refined and deodorized camellia oil has been reported to contain a high amount of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDE) due to the high-temperature deodorization step. To reduce 3-MCPDE in camellia oil, the physical refining process of camellia oil was simulated on a laboratory scale. Response surface methodology (RSM) was designed to modify and optimize the refining process with five processing parameters (water degumming dosage, degumming temperature, activated clay dosage, deodorization temperature and deodorization time). The optimized new refining approach achieved a 76.9% reduction in 3-MCPDE contents, in which the degumming moisture was 2.97%, the degumming temperature was 50.5 °C, the activated clay dosage was 2.69%, the deodorizing temperature was 230 °C, and the deodorizing time was 90 min. A significance test and analysis of variance results demonstrated that the deodorization temperature and deodorization time contributed significantly to the reduction of 3-MCPD ester. The joint interaction effects of activated clay dosage and deodorization temperature were significant for 3-MCPD ester formation.Keywords:3-MCPD esters;response surface analysis;optimized refining process parameters;reduction of 3-MCPD
研究领域:
食品科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
·
2023
·
IF 2.9
Liqun Zhang,Pinggu Wu,Xiaoling Xiang,Huali He,Sha Yu
The purpose of this study was to assess the risk of 3-monochoropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters from edible oils for the Zhejiang population in China. Exposure assessment of 3-MCPD esters was evaluated by Monte Carlo simulation based on the concentrations of 3-MCPD esters in edible oils combined with survey data on the eating habits of Chinese residents classified by age group and gender. The simulation results indicated that the mean daily intakes (CDI) of 3-MCPD esters for children 7–10 years old were 2.154 µg (kg BW d)−1 for boys and 2.049 µg (kg BW d)−1 for girls, which are lower than the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 4 µg (kg BW d)−1 for 3-MCPD and 3-MCPD esters individually or in combination, set by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. The range of mean dietary intakes of 3-MCPD esters in different subpopulation groups ranged 1.242–1.672 µg (kg BW d)−1, which was lower than the PMTDI. However, the CDI values of 3-MCPD esters in high percentile exposure subgroups (95th, 99th) of males (7–49 years old) and females (7–10 and 50–75 years old) were all above 4µg (kg bw d)−1. Outside of the senior group (50–75 years old), males had more exposure to 3-MCPD than females. The average hazard indexes (HI) of 3-MCPD esters to male and female children were 1.257 and 1.024, respectively, indicating there was a risk, but no immediate measures are required to address this risk. The average HI of 3-MCPD esters to adolescent, adult, and seniors were all below 1, indicating risk for those age groups were at an acceptable level.
研究领域:
食品安全
·
毒理学
·
公共卫生
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY
·
2023
·Vol. 100
·期 8
·615-621
·
IF 2
Ting Xu,Qingru Zeng,Xin Liu,Shensheng Xiao,Xiaoming Jiang,Yuepeng Lu,Zhiyong Gong,Yonggui Gao,Min Fang
There are more and more studies on the detection method of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol fatty acid esters (3-MCPD esters) at present, by comparing these methods for the determination of 3-MCPD esters. Indirect methods, which determine total amount of 3-MCPD after hydrolysis of the esters, have an advantage over direct methods. The existing indirect methods, however, may yield unreliable results or require long hours of alkaline methanolysis. In contrast, the indirect enzymatic hydrolysis method has mild conditions and more accurate results. In this study, we developed a reliable and rapid indirect method for determination of 3-MCPD esters. 3-MCPD esters were enzymolysis to 3-MCPD by indirect enzymatic hydrolysis method, and the conditions of enzymatic hydrolysis were optimized, the content of 3-MCPD after enzymatic hydrolysis was detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and the yield was calculated. Finally, the optimum conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis of 3-MCPD esters were determined. According to the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis condition, the contents of 3-MCPD esters in four food oils were determined. The method is simple and sensitive and can meet the requirement of 3-MCPD esters detection in general oils.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
分析化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Food Analytical Methods
·
2015
·Vol. 9
·期 4
·845-855
·
IF 1.956
Li Chang,Jia Hanbing,Wang Yuting,Shen Mingyue,Nie Shaoping,Xie Mingyong
A gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed and validated for the determination of the sum of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) esters in edible oils. Meanwhile, the measurement uncertainty was estimated. Testing sample preparation was optimized, and the optimal condition was attained. Good linearity was observed with the GC-MS method for the concentration range of 0.05–5.0 mg/kg ( R
2 = 0.9994). It was proved to be an accurate and precise method for the determination of 3-MCPD esters according to the validation results. The recovery range was 89.0–104.6 %, and the limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 25 and 50 μg/kg, respectively. Satisfactory reproducibility was achieved with lower than 15 %. Repeatability was determined and expressed as relative standard deviation (RSD), with the value range of 3.9–12.0 %.The contents of 3-MCPD esters were determined in 12 kinds of oils using this method. Measurement uncertainties were calculated by applying bottom-up approach. The main dominant sources were identified and quantified, which were standard solutions preparation, recovery, and calibration curve. It reminds that the predominant uncertainty sources should be paid much more attention during preparing the testing samples in the future.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
分析化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FOOD CONTROL
·
2025
·
IF 6.3
Yaoyao Zhang,Zhaohan Feng,Shangde Sun
The 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs) and glycidyl esters (GEs), which are recognized as contaminants often produced during the deodorization process of refined edible oils, have garnered widespread attention and research interest in recent years due to their potential health risks to humans. Although there have been studies on the formation mechanisms of 3-MCPDEs and GEs, further clarification is still needed in the intrinsic synergistic effects of precursors. Herein, the synergistic effects of acylglycerols, including monoacylglycerols (MAGs), diacylglycerols (DAGs), and triacylglycerols (TAGs) on the formation of 3-MCPDEs and GEs were innovatively investigated through simulated deodorization experiments in model soybean oil systems. Additionally, the effects of simulated deodorization conditions, including temperatures, heating duration, chloride contents, and acylglycerol compositions on the production of 3-MCPDEs and GEs, were also investigated. The results indicated that under the simulated deodorization process and in the presence of chloride ions, the formation of 3-MCPDEs and GEs was facilitated by the synergistic interaction among MAGs, DAGs and TAGs. It is noteworthy that MAGs were more susceptible to forming 3-MCPDEs in the presence of chloride ions, whereas GEs predominantly resulted from the cyclization reaction of DAGs. Concurrently, when the MAGs content was less than 1%, or the presence of DAGs was less than 4% in the model system, the formation of both 3-MCPDEs and GEs was found to be below the EU regulatory limits, thus offering a solid theoretical basis for the control of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in refined oils.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
毒理学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY
·
2015
·
IF 2.912
Zhongfei Zhang,Boyan Gao,Xiaowei Zhang,Yuanrong Jiang,Xuebing Xu,Liangli (Lucy) Yu
This study investigated whether and how triacylglycerol (TAG) may serve as a precursor for 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD) fatty acid ester formation using tristearoylglycerol (TSG). TSG was reacted with inorganic chloride compounds including NaCl, KCl, FeCl2, CuCl2, ZnCl2, FeCl3 and dry HCl, or organic chlorine compound lindane at different temperatures. Only FeCl2 and FeCl3 were able to form 3-MCPD esters from TSG. Further electron spin resonance (ESR) determination of TSG, Fe2(SO4)3 and 5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) reactions revealed potential of Fe ion in promoting free radical generations under the experimental conditions. To further confirm the effect of Fe ion, chelating agent (EDTA-2Na) was added to the model reactions. The results showed for the first time that EDTA-2Na was able to reduce the generation of 3-MCPD esters. In addition, FT-IR examination indicated a possible involvement of a carbonyl group during the reaction. Taking all the observations together, the possible mechanisms, involving the formation of either a cyclic acyloxonium or a glycidol ester radical intermediate, were proposed for generating 3-MCPD fatty acid di- and mono- esters from TAG under a high temperature and low moisture condition, as well as the coformation of glycidol esters. The results from this study may be useful for reducing the level of 3-MCPD esters and related toxicants in the refined edible oils and food products.
研究领域:
食品科学
·
毒理学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）