3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs) and glycidyl esters (GEs) are food contaminants and have arisen continuous attention due to their toxicity, especially towards infants. Current risk assessment of these contaminants was mostly employing deterministic approaches, lacking quantitative characterization of the likelihood, incidence, or severity of the risks involved. Herein, 3-MCPDE and GE levels in 46 representative infant formulas (IFs) from Chinese market were determined by GC-MS/MS. Then, combining the occurrence data and consumption data from China National Food Consumption Survey, the Monte Carlo simulation-based probabilistic model for risk assessment of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in IFs from Chinese market was established. The results showed that all P90 (90th percentiles) hazard quotient values were below 1, demonstrating 3-MCPDEs didn't pose health risks to most populations aged 0–36 months old. However, for 0–12 months old groups, P10 (10th percentiles) margin of exposure values were all below 25000, indicating GEs may pose potential risks to 10% of this group. Uncertainty analysis revealed that the probabilistic model had considered uncertainties of model input and distribution, and realized refined assessment. This study is the first report on probabilistic assessment of 3-MCPDEs and GEs in IFs, which also provided references for the formulation of related regulatory limits in China.
Zhengchao Shen,Xin Ma,Muhammad Mujahid Ali,Jiang Liang,Haixia Sui,Zhenxia Du
Herein, a modified indirect method was established for the determination of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters (3-MCPDEs) and glycidyl esters (GEs), employing magnetic solid phase extraction by boronic acid-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles to replace the traditional clean-up procedure. Compared with routine methods, it has been proved to be more sensitive with limits of detection in the range of 0.02–1.5 μg/kg and less susceptible to contamination of phenylboronic acid derivatives and fatty acid methyl esters. The proposed method was applied to analyze 42 samples covering the entire infant formula (IF) production chain. Results revealed that homogenization process contributed 79–91 % of the total growth of the contaminants due to the vegetable oil addition, while the following evaporation and spray-drying processes contributed 9–21 % of the total growth owing to involved heat treatment. The GE levels in final IF products exceeded the maximum level set by EU regulation 2020/1322, indicating quality safety concerns in the production chain.
3-Monochloropropanediol esters (3-MCPDEs) and glycidyl esters (GEs) with high toxicity have drawn global concerns due to their widespread occurrence in refined oils and oil-based foods . The effect mechanisms of organic chlorine compound lindane, inorganic chlorine compounds tetra- n -butylammonium chloride (TBAC) and sodium chloride (NaCl) on the formation of 3-MCPDEs and GEs were investigated in model oils and chemical models at 240 °C. Results showed that 3-MCPDEs contents increased with the addition of lindane and TBAC, whereas, surprisingly, GEs presented the same tendency as the results of 3-MCPDEs. This suggested that although chlorine compounds were not involved in the formation reaction of GEs, they could also promote GEs formation. Chemical model experiments confirmed that the presence of chlorine compounds led to the transformation of GEs to 3-MCPDEs and conversely 3-MCPDEs could also transform to GEs. The latter transformation rate from 3-MCPDEs to GEs was higher than the former, which might account for the fact that chlorine compounds promoted GEs formation. Additionally, it was also observed that solid NaCl did not induce the increase of 3-MCPDEs and GEs levels in chemical models, suggesting that the chlorine in NaCl, different from lindane and TBAC, was not available for 3-MCPDEs formation. The present findings give novel insights into the interactions between 3-MCPDEs and GEs formation mechanisms, which offer the theoretical basis for efficient and simultaneous inhibition of 3-MCPDEs and GEs.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）