JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL AND APPLIED PYROLYSIS
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2024
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IF 5.8
Shuna Zhao,Hao Liu,Mi Li,Lin Jiang
5-Aminotetrazole/strontium nitrate (5AT/Sr(NO 3 ) 2 ) propellant is widely utilized as green gas generating agent in fire extinguishers. To enhance the combustion rate and modify the gas production performance of 5AT/Sr(NO 3 ) 2 propellant, this study investigated the catalytic effects of adding different metal oxides (Bi 2 O 3 , PbO, TiO 2 , and CoO) on its pyrolysis and combustion process. The pyrolysis behavior, pyrolysis mechanism and combustion performance of 5AT/Sr(NO 3 ) 2 propellants were studied by using thermogravimetry (TG), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), differential scanning caborimetry (DSC), mass spectrometry (MS), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis and closed bomb vessel tests. Experimental results indicated that Bi 2 O 3 and PbO predominantly facilitated the thermal decomposition process of 5AT, while TiO 2 and CoO primarily catalyzed the thermal decomposition of Sr(NO 3 ) 2 . Certainly, the addition of metal oxides as catalysts to 5AT/Sr(NO 3 ) 2 propellant holds significant potential for improving the application as a gas generating agents in fire extinguishers.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RENEWABLE ENERGY
·
2024
·
IF 9
Shu-Na Zhao,Mi Li,Hao Liu,Zhong-Xuan Han,Jiu Chen,Lin Jiang
The green gas generator 5-aminotetrazole (5-AT) is widely applied as an energetic material due to its exceptional characteristics. To investigate the impact of oxidants on the decomposition performance of 5-AT, we prepared three samples using three different oxidants (Sr(NO 3 ) 2 , KNO 3 , and KClO 4 ) along with 5-AT under the principle of zero oxygen balance. Then, thermal behavior of the three samples was examined using TG-DTA and TG-FTIR, and their activation energies for each reaction stage were calculated using iso-conversional methods. Results show that the decomposition of these samples occurs in multiple reaction stages and all oxidants, particularly KNO 3 , facilitate the thermal decomposition of 5-AT. Furthermore, the detailed decomposition mechanism of 5-AT with oxidants was speculated, including that there are two simultaneous ring-opening paths in the first thermal decomposition step of each 5-AT isomer. Eventually, this research can give a meaningful instruction to the formulation design of gas-generation propellant with fewer restrictions in their application.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2017
·Vol. 7
·期 23
·13808-13816
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IF 3.108
Cheng-Yang Cao,Song Lu,Dan Zhang,Lun-Lun Gong,He-Ping Zhang
The 5AT/Sr(NO3)2 mixture has recently attracted attention as a gas-generating agent for use in novel fire-suppression applications. However, it cannot provide the desired combustion behavior alone. Thus, nitroguanidine (NQ) was added as a fuel component to 5AT/Sr(NO3)2 in attempt to improve the mixture's combustion behavior. The effects of NQ on the thermal and burning characteristics of 5AT/Sr(NO3)2 were investigated. Thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetric (TG-DSC) analysis with four heating rates (5, 10, 15, 20 K min−1) under a nitrogen atmosphere was performed to determine the thermal characteristics and non-isothermal reaction kinetic parameters. The addition of NQ decreases the activation energy of the Stage II and III decomposition reaction, and accelerates the redox reaction and decomposition of Sr(NO3)2. Thermodynamic calculations and measurements of temperature profile and liner burning rates were performed to evaluate the combustion characteristics. Adding NQ decreased the adiabatic combustion temperature, outlet temperature, average flame height, flame oscillation frequency and pressure exponent of Vieille's equation, and increased the gas output and linear burning rate. Notably, mesa burning occurred when NQ was added, the mechanism of which is elaborated using a physical combustion model. The analysis deepens the understanding of when the gas-phase or condensed-phase reactions control the burning characteristics of the composite propellant.
研究领域:
材料科学
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燃烧学
·
推进剂研究
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF LOSS PREVENTION IN THE PROCESS INDUSTRIES
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2024
·
IF 3.6
Shuna Zhao,Mi Li,Lin Jiang
5-Aminotetrazole (5AT) is widely used as a green gas-generating agent in fire extinguishers, but it exhibits low combustion stability. To enhance its combustion rate and modify gas production performance, this study investigated the catalytic effects of adding different metal oxides (Bi 2 O 3 , PbO, TiO 2 , and CoO) on its pyrolysis process and decomposition mechanism. The pyrolysis behavior and pyrolysis products of 5AT were studied by simultaneous thermal analyzer (thermogravimetry - differential thermal analysis, TG-DTA) and TG-FTIR/MS (mass spectrometry and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) hyphenated instrument. Isoconversional methods were used to calculated kinetic parameters, and reaction mechanism was also speculated by combining the experimental and calculational results. The experimental results indicated that Bi 2 O 3 , PbO, TiO 2 and CoO have minimal impact on the ring opening reaction process of 5AT, but they catalyzed the polymer decomposition process of 5AT, especially CoO. Consequently, the addition of metal oxides as catalysts to 5AT holds significant potential for improving its thermal safety and enhancing its suitability as a solid propellant gas generator.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ChemSusChem
·
2021
·Vol. 15
·期 2
·e202101965
·
IF 8.928
Yaxin Deng,Hongxia Zhang,Xin Li,Rui Wang
Graphical A passive approach : 5-Aminotetrazole (5ATZ) is introduced for the first time as an effective passivator for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), anchoring defects and preventing further unavoidable ion migration and device degradation. Extensive π-electron delocalization around the tetrazole conjugated ring significantly promotes charge transfer. 5ATZ-processed PSCs provide enhanced voltage and current with excellent performance and improved stability. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) develop rapidly with certified efficiency over 25.5 %, but there are remaining problems such as defects-induced recombination and degradation throughout the whole device. Functional organic small molecule passivation strategies are diverse and efficient, enhancing the efficiency and stability of PSCs. Here, 5-aminotetrazole (5ATZ) was introduced for the first time as an effective passivator, where −NH 2 and −NH as active sites interacted with the Pb and I related to vacancy defects in perovskites, anchoring defects and preventing further unavoidable ion migration and device degradation. Furthermore, the extensive π-electron delocalization around the tetrazole conjugated ring significantly promoted the charge transfer. Therefore, the 5ATZ-processed PSCs provided enhanced voltage and current, showed superior 19.75 % power conversion efficiency with excellent performance and improved stability, and demonstrated one of the best performances in all-air preparation to date. The simultaneous multi-effect passivation strategy of vacancy defects in perovskites will contribute to eliminate obstacles on the road to commercialization of PSCs.
研究领域:
材料科学
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能源技术
·
光伏器件
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
THERMOCHIMICA ACTA
·
2023
·
IF 3.5
Yongchen Zhu,Jianwei Zhang,Weidong He
5-Amino-1H-tetrazole (5-ATZ), an environmentally friendly energy-containing material for new propellants, is gradually applied in high-energy propellants and its ionic salt compounds have received wide attention. This study focused on investigating the interaction mechanism of guanidinium-5-aminotetrazole (GA) and nitrocellulose (NC) by kinetic methods and TG-DSC-FTIR analysis. DSC and TG experiments indicated that there was a certain interaction during the pyrolysis process of NC and GA. Comparing the kinetic models of NC and peak 3 in NC-GA, it can be found that the addition of GA mainly affected the m-value and contribution in the second step B→C, and the mechanism function changed from F n to C n,m. TG-DSC-FTIR experiments indicated that the initial decomposition product of NC, NO 2 , participated in the thermal decomposition process of GA, and the two reacted chemically to form CO, N 2 O, which made NO 2 unable to completely oxidize the skeleton of NC to produce CH 2 O, HCOOH.
研究领域:
化学
·
材料科学
·
能源与推进剂研究
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2025
·
IF 7.5
Yuan-Hui Liu,Jiu Chen,Zhan-Jun Yang,Guang-Ling Chen,Peng-Cheng Xi,Hao-Tian Zhou,Mi Li,Li-Feng Xie,Dan Zhang
5-Aminotetrazole (5AT)/strontium nitrate (Sr(NO 3 ) 2 ), as a novel energetic material and low-emission nitrogen-rich fuel, has been extensively applied to the formulations of solid propellant gas generators (SPGGs) fire extinguishing technology due to its advantageous physicochemical characteristics. However, the shortcomings of high combustion temperature and low burning rate of this energetic material formulation of 5AT/Sr(NO 3 ) 2 restrict its further application and development in SPGGs fire extinguishing technology. To address these existing problems and enhance its combustion behaviors, lead carbonate salts (lead carbonate or basic lead carbonate) are incorporated as combustion modifiers in this study, and systematically investigates the effects of these two modifiers on its thermal decomposition and combustion behaviors. The results show that after adding them, the samples all exhibit three pyrolysis stages. Since the additives exhibit incomplete thermal decomposition during the initial stage, they show little catalytic effect on the first pyrolysis stage, and the catalytic effects are mainly reflected in the latter two stages. In addition, both additives show good cooling effects, significantly reducing the combustion temperature of propellant. The maximum burning rate of the samples with additives is higher than that of 5AT/Sr(NO 3 ) 2 , and the samples with 2PbCO 3 •Pb(OH) 2 demonstrates the superior burn rate over the samples with PbCO 3 . The findings establish both mechanistic understanding and practical guidelines for optimizing 5AT/Sr(NO 3 ) 2 propellant formulations in SPGG fire suppression systems.
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING
·
2019
·
IF 4.026
Cheng-Yang Cao,Dan Zhang,Chang-Cheng Liu,Song Lu,He-Ping Zhang
5-AT/Sr(NO 3 ) 2 based composite propellants have been applied in fire extinguishing fields as novel power source for several years due to its high thermal stability and large gas production, but the disadvantage of poor combustion stability still indeed to improve. In this study, the influential mechanism of two common burning modifier, nanosized Copper oxide (nano-CuO) and nanosized Zinc oxide (nano-ZnO), on the thermal behavior and combustion characteristics under high pressure of 5-AT based composite propellant was deeply investigated. Simultaneous thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) have been used to identify the changes in the thermal and kinetic behavior of the catalyzed composite propellant. Thermogravimetric analyzer coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG-FTIR) analysis and pyrolysis-gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) analysis were employed to characterize the composition of evolved gas in propellant decomposition process. Combined with results of the combustion characteristics measurement conducted on a strand burner (1–5 MPa), different kinds of influential mechanisms of these two catalysts on decomposition process and combustion process under elevated pressure conditions were proposed based on presumed physical combustion model. Outcomes of this study will contribute to the design of 5-aminotetrazole solid propellant with a superior combustion property under high pressure, and promote its application into fire-fighting area.
研究领域:
推进剂化学
·
燃烧动力学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2021
·
IF 6.609
Chengyang Cao,Huimin Liu,Dan Zhang,Kai Zhu,Aijun Li,Linling Wang,Hongyun Hu
Coolant additives are commonly used to offset the excessive combustion temperature of 5-aminotetrazole (5-AT) based solid propellants. However, the discrepancy of the burn-rate reduction by different coolants has been observed, restricting the precise control of 5-AT propellant’s combustion behavior. The focus of the current study is the effect of two metal oxides (Al 2 O 3 and MgO), produced by the endothermic decomposition of coolants (Al(OH) 3 and MgCO 3 ), on the decomposition mechanism and kinetic behavior of 5-AT. Results showed that these two additives impact the decomposition of 5-AT above 310 °C, focusing on the formation and decomposition of condensation products (melamine, melem, and melon-like). It revealed that the polymer layer thickness increased by Al 2 O 3 but decreased with MgO, which directly influenced the gas evolution process and heat transfer process. Kinetic calculation using the advanced Vyazovkin method and standard Criado method confirmed the catalytic decomposition of condensation products over the metal oxides’ surface. The reaction model changed from the reaction order model (Fn) to the geometrical model (Rn). Scheme and mechanism of the decomposition of 5-AT at separated stages were proposed. The findings of this study could contribute to understanding the burn-rate reduction mechanism of coolants and benefit the design of composite coolants used in 5-AT based propellants.
研究领域:
推进剂化学
·
燃烧科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FUEL
·
2021
·
IF 6.609
Jiu Chen,Bin Li,Cheng-Yang Cao,Si-Yuan Zhou,Li-Feng Xie,Dan Zhang
As a novel rich nitrogen content material, 5-Amino-1 H -Tetrazole (5AT) has been considerably popularized in the propellants area recently. The pyrolysis is deemed as the prelude of combustion for solid phase 5AT, which plays a crucial role in combustion process and grasping the pyrolysis characteristics will be more beneficial to further explore the combustion properties of 5AT-based propellant. In this paper, several efforts have been made to enhance the pyrolysis behaviors of 5AT, including employing metal particles as catalysts, and modifying the surface treatment method. Due to the calorific value, the boron and copper powder are selected as the potential catalysts. The solvent/non-solvent (S/NS) and solution recrystallization method are compared to explore the impact of these two modification methods. TG-FTIR technique is applied to capture evolved signals of organic compounds to further deduce the most probable decomposition pathway. Moreover, model-free and model-fitting methods are both employed to calculate the kinetic parameters. The results reveal that, for the modified 5AT samples with the same boron powder catalyst, the activation energies and reaction model (all governed by F4) in the initial stage (100–330 °C) are not significantly impacted by these two modification methods. However, during the latter stages (400–750 °C), the catalytic actions of boron powder appear to be more active, and solution recrystallization method exerts better modification effect, the activation energies was reduced 18.3 kJ/mol and 10.9 kJ/mol respectively for the latter stages compared to S/SN method. Also, the reaction model is transformed from n th -dimensional model (D3) to n th -order model (F1) in the third stage. Particularly, the catalytic actions of copper powder results in the simplification of decomposition steps for 5AT, the activation energies was 138.8 kJ/mol and the catalytic effect of which was improved about 25% compared to the catalytic effect of boron powder in the first stage and its reaction model is also found to be changed into F3. It illustrates that copper powder could embody a better catalytic effect than boron powder under the same modification method. The conclusions of this study could provide a worthwhile guidance for the understanding, designs and applications of the 5AT-based propellants.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
·
燃烧科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2021
·
IF 13.273
Wei Liu,Taixin Liang,Jiangbo Zhang,Fei Xiao,Houhe Chen
Intermolecular energetic materials (IEMs) have become the focus of attention due to their excellent performance in combustion, ignition, energy release and sensitivity. In this paper, two IEMs were successfully designed and prepared by the self-assembly of 5-aminotetrazole (5-ATZ) and transition metal ions on the surface of ammonium perchlorate (AP) particles. The scanning electron microscope, infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses, and differential thermal analyses were employed to characterize the prepared samples. The results show that the surface of AP particles is completely covered by a uniform and dense M(5-ATZ) 4 Cl 2 (M = Cu, Co) self-assembled layer. Thermal analyses show that the high-temperature decomposition peak temperatures of AP/Cu(5-ATZ) 4 Cl 2 (10 wt%) and AP/Co(5-ATZ) 4 Cl 2 (10 wt%) are decreased by 93.3 °C and 127.1 °C compared to the case of pure AP, while the heat releases of them are increased by 539 J∙g −1 and 580 J∙g −1 . In addition, the burning rates of AP/Cu(5-ATZ) 4 Cl 2 /Al (10 wt%) and AP/Co(5-ATZ) 4 Cl 2 /Al (10 wt%) are increased by 6.8 mm∙s −1 and 7.8 mm∙s −1 compared with the case of AP/Al. Moreover, the hygroscopicity tests show that the prepared samples do not agglomerate aftter being placed in the atmosphere with a relative humidity of 79% for 66 h. This research shows considerable application prospects in improving the combustion and energy performance of solid propellants, it is also a reference for the design and preparation of other novel IEMs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能量材料
·
化学
·
表面科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）