Formation and Determination of Endogenous Methylated Nucleotides in Mammals by Chemical Labeling Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Analysis
5-Methylcytosine (5-mC) is an important epigenetic mark that plays critical roles in a variety of cellular processes. To properly exert physiological functions, the distribution of 5-mC needs to be tightly controlled in both DNA and RNA. In addition to methyltransferase-mediated DNA and RNA methylation, premethylated nucleotides can be potentially incorporated into DNA and RNA during replication and transcription. To exclude the premodified nucleotides into DNA and RNA, endogenous 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine monophosphate (5-Me-dCMP) generated from nucleic acids metabolism can be enzymatically deaminated to thymidine monophosphate (TMP). Therefore, previous studies failed to detect 5-Me-dCMP or 5-methylcytidine monophosphate (5-Me-CMP) in cells. In the current study, we established a method by chemical labeling coupled with liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS/MS) for sensitive and simultaneous determination of 10 nucleotides, including 5-Me-dCMP and 5-Me-CMP. As N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPA) was utilized for labeling, the detection sensitivities of nucleotides increased by 88–372-fold due to the introduction of a tertiary amino group and a hydrophobic moiety from DMPA. Using this method, we found that endogenous 5-Me-dCMP and 5-Me-CMP widely existed in cultured human cells, human tissues, and human urinary samples. The presence of endogenous 5-Me-dCMP and 5-Me-CMP indicates that deaminases may not fully deaminate these methylated nucleotides. Consequently, the remaining premethylated nucleosides could be converted to nucleoside triphosphates as building blocks for DNA and RNA synthesis. Furthermore, we found that the contents of 5-Me-dCMP and 5-Me-CMP exhibited significant decreases in renal carcinoma tissues and urine samples of lymphoma patients compared to their controls, probably due to more reutilization of methylated nucleotides in DNA and RNA synthesis. This study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report for detecting endogenous 5-Me-dCMP and 5-Me-CMP in mammals. The detectable endogenous methylated nucleotides indicate the potential deleterious effects of premodified nucleotides on aberrant gene regulation in cancers.
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