To develop an appropriate program for essential oils (EOs) used in pest control, it is important to acquire information about the effect of the EO when used at a low concentration. Previously, we demonstrated the enzymatic activity of Haemaphysalis longicornis (the main livestock pest in Australia and New Zealand) exposed to Cinnamomum cassia EO and ( E )-cinnamaldehyde (its major compound) when applied at 50% lethal concentration (LC 50 ). However, H . longicornis respond to toxic substances via different mechanisms and at different times of exposure. Herein, the enzymes involved in the defense response were studied by monitoring glutathione-S-transferase, acetylcholinesterase, and Na + /K + -adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) activities in H . longicornis larvae exposed to C . cassia EO and ( E )-cinnamaldehyde across different times. Further, the molecular changes related to the defense mechanisms were studied by monitoring adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABCB10) gene expression. In addition, we investigated the acaricidal activity of the test substances against the engorged larvae and nymphs of H . longicornis . Our results showed that the activities of these enzymes were significantly affected by the EO and/or ( E )-cinnamaldehyde depending on the exposure time. We observed up-regulation of the ABCB10 gene in the larvae. Also, our results revealed that C . cassia EO (LC 50 = 1.46 and 16.69 mg/mL) and ( E )-cinnamaldehyde (LC 50 = 3.86 and 17.96 mg/mL) were effective against the engorged larvae and nymphs, respectively. Our results provided a deeper understanding of the defense mechanisms of H . longicornis, which may provide an important clue for the development of EO-based acaricides that are cheaper and environmentally friendly.
Yang Wang,Xingyun Liao,Jianguo Sun,Bin Yi,Shenglin Luo,Tao Liu,Xu Tan,Dengqun Liu,Zelin Chen,Xin Wang,Chunmeng Shi
The characterization of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) has profound implications for elucidating cancer biology and developing treatment strategies. Although surface markers are already used to identify CSCs, the expression of these markers is controversially linked to the phenotypes in different types of tumors and does not represent all functionally relevant of CSCs. Very recently, hyperactive HIF-1α/glycolysis metabolic pathway is recognized as a master regulator of CSCs. In this study, a near-infrared fluorescent small-molecule, IR-780, is identified for the exclusive characterization of human CSCs through the HIF-1α/glycolysis dependent mitochondrial transporter ABCB10's activity. The results identified for the first time that ABCB10 is involved in the preferential uptake of IR-780 in CSCs, which is regulated by HIF-1α via the direct interaction with the binding site of ABCB10 gene promoter region. In addition, IR-780 is demonstrated to conjugate with anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil to act as a potential drug delivery carrier for CSC-targeted therapy. Thus, the studies provide a new rational approach independent of surface markers to characterize CSCs via small-molecule-based imaging of HIF-1α/glycolysis hyperactive metabolic pathway dependent mitochondrial transporter's activity, which holds promise for the further development of CSCs targeted diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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