FUEL
·
2025
·
IF 7.5
Yan Ge,Jian Cheng,Ruiqi Shen
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) liquid propellants are mostly used in catalytic ignition, but catalyst deactivation is a common issue during the heating process. Microwave is used as the energy source to ignite ADN, so as to avoid the technical bottleneck of traditional catalytic ignition of ADN. However, pure ADN solution fails to ignite under microwave radiation. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can significantly enhance the absorption of electromagnetic energy owing to their superior electromagnetic absorption capabilities. In this work, we introduce a methodology for igniting and combusting ADN through the incorporation of MOFs, which serve as hotspots and absorbent materials under microwave irradiation. The ignition conditions of ADN with magnetic and non-magnetic MOFs under microwave radiation were systematically compared and analyzed. In comparison to pure ADN solutions, MOFs’ exceptional wave absorption performance augments the sample’s capacity to absorb and convert electromagnetic energy per unit time. By adjusting the ratio between ADN and MOFs, the maximum microwave absorption effect is achieved. Ignition experiments demonstrate that the incorporation of MOFs facilitates successful ignition of ADN under microwave radiation. Microwave ignition of ADN was achieved at MOF 5.0 wt%, with delay times inversely proportional to input power. The optimal 7.5 wt% MOF composition demonstrated prefer ignition efficiency in the ADN/MOF system. Despite variations in MOFs types, ADN/MOFs composites exhibit identical ignition and combustion phenomena under microwave radiation. In summary, this study establishes a foundation for microwave radiation-induced ignition of ADN with MOFs and enhances the efficiency of microwave energy utilization.
研究领域:
材料科学
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推进技术
·
化学工程
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Materials Today Communications
·
2025
·
IF 4.5
Xiaolan SONG,Jie WANG,Yi WANG,Chongwei AN,Fengsheng LI
Utilizing micro-channel technology and meticulously regulating the differential flow rates of the oil and water phases, we successfully synthesized remarkably spherical nB/F 2602 /HNS (hexanitrostilben)microspheres, measuring approximately 200 μm in diameter. The morphological and compositional characteristics of these microspheres were thoroughly analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and laser microscopy. Meanwhile, we conducted an in-depth investigation into the catalytic effects of the microspheres on the thermal decomposition of ADN(Ammonium dinitramide)/DAP-4((C 6 H 14 N 2 )[NH4(ClO 4 ) 3 ]), employing thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and burst point assessments. The combustion performance of ADN/DAP-4, both prior to and following the incorporation of nB/F 2602 (fluoroelastomer)/HNS microspheres, was evaluated through high-speed imaging, high-sensitivity infrared thermography, and combustion calorimetry measurements. Furthermore, this study contemplated the combustion mechanism of nB/F 2602 /HNS microspheres. The findings indicated that, after adding nB/F 2602 /HNS microspheres, the thermal decomposition activation energy of ADN/DAP-4 was significantly reduced. These results revealed that the introduction of nB/F 2602 /HNS microspheres markedly enhanced the combustion intensity of ADN/DAP-4, with the pressurization rate accelerating dramatically from 0.55 MPa/s to 3.47 MPa/s. As the burning rate escalated, the maximum combustion temperature increased from 1697°C to 1788°C, and the combustion heat surged from −4478 kJ/kg to −17593 kJ/kg. Moreover, the comparative experimental outcomes, when juxtaposed with samples based on micro-boron (μB), reveal that nano-boron (nB) exhibits a superior burning rate and combustion efficiency. Consequently, the collective findings of these experiments emphatically indicate that nB/F 2602 /HNS markedly enhances the thermolytic and combustion processes of ADN/DAP-4.
研究领域:
含能材料
·
推进剂化学
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燃烧工程
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材料合成
·
热分析
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
FirePhysChem
·
2024
·
IF 0
Wenxiang Bian,Yaning Li,Peng Bao,Yang Chen,Yijia Guo,Boliang Wang
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is a high-performance, novel green oxidizer that is commonly used in solid propellants. It offers advantages such as a large oxygen balance and significant gas release, making it a promising candidate for use as an oxidizing component in composite explosives. To explore the application of ADN in composite explosives, this study investigates the compatibility between ADN, cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), aluminum powder, and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), addressing the safety concerns associated with the use of ADN in composite explosives where RDX serves as the primary explosive. Based on this research, a series of formulations were designed, and theoretical calculations related to detonation parameters were conducted, with ammonium perchlorate (AP) serving as a parallel control to examine the detonation performance of ADN-based composite explosives. Finally, granulated powder was prepared according to the formulations to assess the mechanical sensitivity of ADN-based composite explosives. The results indicate that ADN exhibits good compatibility with RDX, aluminum powder, and TPU. Theoretical values for detonation heat, detonation velocity, and detonation volume of ADN-based composite explosives are all greater than those of AP-based composite explosives, displaying certain patterns with variations in RDX content or the ratio of aluminum powder to oxidizer. Furthermore, maintaining a moderate ratio of aluminum powder to oxidizer while reducing the content of the primary explosive can effectively lower the mechanical sensitivity of ADN-based composite explosives.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
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安全技术
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DOI
Energetic Materials Frontiers
·
2022
·Vol. 3
·期 2
·84-89
·
IF 0
Shen Qiao,Hong-zhen Li,Zong-wei Yang
To decrease the hygroscopicity of ADN—a energetic oxidizer, this study developed a new cocrystal composed of ADN and 18C6 (18-crown-6) at a 1:1 M ratio through cocrystallization using the solvent evaporation method. The structure of the ADN/18C6 cocrystal, which has been confirmed using single X-ray diffraction (SXRD), indicates that the formation of this cocrystal is attributed to the strong intermolecular hydrogen bond interactions between ammonium ions and crown ether cycles. The ADN/18C6 cocrystal has a melting point of 151.5 °C, which is significantly higher than those of its respective components: 93.6 °C of ADN and 43.2 °C of 18C6. Notably, the ADN/18C6 cocrystal is nearly non-hygroscopic compared with ADN. The cocrystal's hygroscopicity rate is 0.9% when exposed to the air with relative humidity (RH) of 60% and a temperature of 30 °C for 12 h. By comparison, ADN's hygroscopicity rate is 18% under the same conditions. In addition, the impact sensitivity of the ADN/18C6 cocrystal is 18 J, which is substantially lower than that of raw ADN (2.5 J). These results show that cocrystallization offers an effective way to reduce the hygroscopicity of ADN.
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DOI
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
·
2026
·
IF 4.6
Yunshu Zhao,Yibo Zhou,Xiaoyan Zhang,Guiying Li,Tiying Jiang,Li Su,Shanhu Sun,Jinjiang Xu,Zhirong Suo,Jie Sun
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) are two representative mainstream oxidizers. However, their practical applications in advanced energetic formulations are severely limited by multiple factors, such as high hygroscopicity and insufficient thermal stability for ADN, relatively low energy density for AP, and unfavorable enthalpy of formation for both. To address these drawbacks, this work introduces 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole (4-ATA), a coformer with a high enthalpy of formation, to prepare two ionic energetic cocrystals with excellent comprehensive properties: ADN/4-ATA (cocrystal 1) and AP/4-ATA (cocrystal 2). Compared with their respective raw oxidizers, cocrystal 1 exhibits higher thermal stability (Td > 200 °C) and lower impact sensitivity (2-kg drop hammer, H50 = 51.5 cm), whereas cocrystal 2 shows significantly improved detonation performance, with its detonation velocity (VD) and detonation pressure (P) increased by 12.6 and 23.7%, respectively. Therefore, the preparation of ionic cocrystals offers an effective approach to enhancing the overall performance of ionic oxidizers.
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
MOLECULES
·
2026
·Vol. 31
·期 17
·3136
·
IF 5.1
Shimin Zhang,Baoyun Ye,Xiaoying Cheng,Hongxia Zhang,Jingyu Wang
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is a high-energy green oxidizer with significant potential for use in solid propellants; however, its practical application is restricted by its strong hygroscopicity and low safety. In this study, morphology control and surface coating were simultaneously addressed by preparing ADN/PVA composite particles with different PVA contents by membrane emulsification. At a PVA content of 5%, the ADN/PVA composite microspheres exhibited favorable morphology and a high degree of sphericity, with no phase transition induced and the crystal structure well preserved. DSC results showed that the initial decomposition temperature of ADN/PVA increased by 21.88–26.50 °C compared to that of raw ADN, and the exothermic peak became narrower, indicating that the energy release of ADN was more concentrated and its thermal stability was significantly improved. Meanwhile, the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity were reduced by 33.33% and 16.67%, respectively, relative to raw ADN, and the moisture absorption rate was reduced by 87.92%. Therefore, the ADN/PVA composite particles prepared by membrane emulsification exhibit excellent thermal stability and anti-hygroscopicity.
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DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY
·
2025
·
IF 3.1
Cui Yuanlu,Yang Rongjie,Lan Yanhua,Zhai Jinxian
Ammonium dinitramide (ADN), an emerging green oxidizer for rocket propellants, faces application limitations due to its low-temperature thermal decomposition characteristics. This study investigates the impact of a small amount of ammonium nitrate (AN) doped into ADN crystal on the stability of ADN crystal. ADN crystal samples containing AN were prepared by solution evaporation method and solvent-antisolvent method, respectively. The results show that AN and ADN form solid solution crystal by solution evaporation method, while solvent-antisolvent method produces phase-separated AN/ADN mixture. Isothermal thermogravimetric analysis conducted at 318–333 K revealed significant decomposition mass loss (3.2–17.5%) exclusively in solid solution samples, whereas the samples of phase-separated AN/ADN crystals show good thermal stability. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ion chromatography (IC) were used to investigate the influence of different forms and contents of AN in ADN samples on the low-temperature thermal decomposition properties of ADN. The kinetic models in different decomposition stages were obtained by isothermal kinetic method. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed the decomposition mechanism that the doping of AN induced the elongation of N–N bonds in the surrounding ADN structure, leading to instability of the ADN structure. These findings provide a theoretical basis for improving the stability of ADN in storage and application. Graphical
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
物理化学
·
推进剂与炸药
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
·
2022
·
IF 10.383
Yijing Qiu,Dongsheng Lu,Yunyan Gai,Yuepeng Cai
Adiponitrile (ADN) is studied as an additive of commercial carbonate electrolyte for a graphite/NCM811 Li-ion cell in this work. Compared with the cell using a baseline electrolyte, the cycling stability of the cells using 0.2, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt % ADN-added electrolytes is significantly improved. Among them, the effect is most prominent when the ADN content is 0.5 wt %, and the capacity retention rate of the cell after 200 cycles at 0.3 C is increased by 17.6%. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses confirm that ADN can make the coating layer formed on the cathode and anode surfaces of the cell denser and uniform. The formation of the cathodic coating layer does not obey the usual mechanism of adsorption between the nitrile group and metal ions, but it may be due to the polymerization of ADN initiated by carbocations from the oxidation of solvent molecules (ethylene carbonate/ethyl methyl carbonate) in the electrolyte. The cathodic coating layer greatly decreases the oxidation of the electrolyte so that a stable coating layer (also called solid electrolyte interface/SEI) can be formed on the anode, which is the reason for improvement of the cycling performance of the cell. However, the formation of the anode SEI layer is almost independent of ADN, and it still depends on the common reduction reaction of the electrolyte.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
电化学
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DOI
高影响因子
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering
·
2026
·
IF 6.6
Kang Lei,Wen-hao Wang,Xian-die Zhang,Ji-yu Lu,Xing-liang Wu,Sen Xu,Xiang Zhou
This study successfully fabricated core-shell structured Al@ADN/PVDF energetic composites through electrostatic spraying, with nano-aluminum (n-Al) cores encapsulated by an ammonium dinitramide (ADN)/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) composite shell. The morphology and structure were systematically characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal decomposition behavior was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), with corresponding kinetic parameters calculated. Combustion processes were monitored via high-speed imaging, while ignition and combustion performance were evaluated under both ambient and confined environments. The results show that n-Al particles are uniformly encapsulated by a continuous ADN/PVDF composite shell. Compared to physically mixed mixture, the Al@ADN/PVDF composites exhibit a 6.7% reduction in the PVDF decomposition stage mass loss and demonstrate a 24% reduction in decomposition activation energy. Furthermore, Al@ADN/PVDF composites demonstrate superior combustion characteristics, including 102% higher maximum pressure, 128% faster pressurization rate, 19% shorter ignition delay time and 17% shorter burning time. The core-shell Al@ADN/PVDF architecture provides an innovative approach for optimizing the energetic potential of aluminum in both solid propellant and pyrotechnic applications.
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH
·
2025
·
IF 3.9
Zhi-Rong Fu,Xin Zhang,Jing-Yuan Hao,Yu Han,Yu-Wei Xiang,Bao-Ju Wang,Xiang-Sen Wu,Yong Luo
The Co/NC catalyst for the hydrogenation of adiponitrile (ADN) is of great importance to produce high-value-added hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), which is the raw material for nylon-66. However, current research has not taken the Co particle size distribution effect fully into account for the ADN hydrogenation performance. In this work, Co/NC catalysts with various Co particle sizes using N-doped carbon as the support were prepared to investigate their activity differences. Among all catalysts, the Co/NC catalyst with an average Co particle size of 13.3 nm exhibited the best performance due to its most dispersed Co0 active site, reaching a complete ADN conversion within 40 min with an HMDA selectivity of 83.68%. It displayed a surprising HMDA STY of 49.77 mmol·gcat–1·h–1 under a greatly reduced activation energy (65.30 kJ·mol–1) with a reaction rate constant of 2.98 × 107 min–1. XPS and H2 pulse adsorption characterizations proved that the synergy between the Co0 content and dispersion emerged as the predominant factor governing the catalytic activity. This work provided a promising method for the design of an advanced catalyst for ADN hydrogenation.
研究领域:
催化化学
·
化学工程
·
材料科学
·
有机合成
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Journal of Energy Storage
·
2025
·
IF 9.8
Peng Yang,Lucheng Li,Meiling Liu,Jun Chen
Expanding the charge/discharge voltage range of the high‑nickel cathode material NCM811 is one of the most cost-effective ways to increase the specific energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, carbonate-based electrolytes fail to adapted to the high-voltage environment is susceptible to objectionable oxidative decomposition. Therefore, two widely used electrolyte additives, lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP) and adiponitrile (ADN), were combined to enhance the performance of LIBs at 4.5 V through their synergistic effect. The results show that the specific discharge capacity and capacity retention rate (CRR) of the Li||NCM811 half-cell with 5ADN electrolyte at 150 cycles under 4.5 V are 161.9 mAh/g and 76.5 %, significantly higher than the 118 mAh/g and 60.1 % of the standard electrolyte cell (STD). Similarly, graphite||NCM811 full-cell also has high specific discharge capacity and excellent CRR compared with STD cell. Further confirmed by physical analysis methods, the LiF-rich interfacial film between the cathode and the electrolyte called cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) film, is more robust and denser. Thereby, the integrity of the cathode material is well protected, effectively inhibiting the dissolution of transition metal (TM) from the cathode material, and, ultimately, resulting in excellent high-voltage electrochemical performance of the battery. In addition, theoretical calculations show that LiDFP and ADN have larger adsorption energies for Li + and Co 4+ , which can effectively reduce the deposition of Co 4+ to the anode and increase the dissociation of lithium salts. This work provides a novel insight into the effective application of high-voltage electrolytes.
研究领域:
电化学
·
能源材料
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锂离子电池
·
先进功能材料
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2023
·Vol. 13
·期 24
·16536-16548
·
IF 3.9
Hai-Yang Zhu,Ying-Hui Liu,Hai-Yun Sun,Dan-Dan Cao,Yu-Chuan Li,Si-Ping Pang
The development of environment-friendly and non-toxic green energetic materials and their safe, environmentally friendly, and economical production is very important to the national economy and national security. As an innovative, efficient, and environmentally friendly energetic material, the preferred preparation method of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) is the nitro-sulfur mixed acid method, which has the advantages of high yield, simple method, and easy access to raw materials. However, the large number of inorganic salt ions introduced by this method limits the large-scale production of ADN. Nanofiltration (NF) has been widely used in various industrial processes as a separation method with high separation efficiency and simple operation. In this study, NF was used for the desalination and purification of ADN synthesized by the mixed acid method. The effects of NF types, operation process (pressure, temperature, and feed solution concentration) on desalination efficiency, and membrane flux during purification were examined. The results showed that 600D NF could achieve the efficient desalination and purification of ADN. It was verified that the highest desalination and purification efficiency was achieved at 2 MPa pressure, 25 °C, and 1 time dilution of the feed solution, and the membrane flux of the desalination and purification process was stable. Under the optimized process conditions, the removal rate of inorganic salts and other impurities reached 99% (which can be recycled), the purity of ADN reached 99.8%, and the recovery rate reached 99%. This process has the potential for the large-scale production of ADN and provides a new process for the safe, efficient, and cheap preparation of energetic materials.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）