Myocardial infarction (MI) is a highly prevalent and lethal disease worldwide. Prevention and timely recovery are critical for the control of the recurrence and heart failure in MI survivors. The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective activity of the herbal medicine formula Baoyuan Decoction (BYD) and identify the active compounds and molecular targets. The ethanolic BYD extract (BYDE) was prepared by water extraction and ethanol precipitation of four herbal medicines, Astragali Radix, Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, Cinnamomi Cortex, and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. Initially, BYDE was validated for the cardioprotective effectiveness in a mouse model of ischemia injury and rat cardiomyocyte H9C2 cells. As results, BYDE effectively reduced infarct size from 56% to 37% and preserved cardiac functions in mouse MI model while protected H9C2 cells against oxygen glucose deprivation. Subsequent network pharmacology analysis revealed that 122 bioactive ingredients, including flavonoids and saponins from the UPLC-MS/MS profile of BYDE, might target 37 MI-related proteins, including inflammatory and apoptotic mediators (e.g., TNF, NFKB1, CASPs, TNFRSF1A, CXCL12, BCL2A1). Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that BYDE might control the cardiac inflammation via targeting the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway while the selected targets were also implicated in IL-17 signaling pathway, lipid and atherosclerosis. Consequently, adenosine, ginsenoside Rh2, isoliquiritigenin, and licochalcone A were selected to generate the four-compound mixture AGILe and validated for the inhibitory effects on the TNF-α/NF-κB pathway. The results of the present study suggested that the mixture AGILe might be a potential cardioprotective remedy against MI.
The design and facile preparation of ionic liquids (ILs)-functionalized polymer materials is a hot research topic due to their potential wide applications. Herein, taking the reaction advantage of a cyclic anhydride with an alcoholic compound to atom-economically generate a carboxyl ester pending a carboxylic acid moiety, porous organic framework (POF) materials pending carboxylic acids and imidazolium-based ILs (CILs-POFm) were facile synthesized via the acylation reaction of hydroxyl group-functionalized ILs with a styrene maleic anhydride copolymer. The CILs-POFm material properties were facilely adjusted by changing the molar ratio of the mono-hydroxyl-functionalized ILs to the dihydroxyl-functionalized ILs. CILs-POFm materials showed abundant mesoporous structures with a porous diameter of approximately 23.83–48.16 nm, a surface area of up to 274.4 m2 g–1, and a superior CO2 adsorption capacity of 1.71–2.14 mmol g–1 at 273 K and 1 atm. As a proof of concept application, the coupling reaction of epoxides with CO2 to produce cyclic carbonates was studied by using the CILs-POFm materials as catalysts under solvent-free and co-catalyst-free conditions. The findings indicated that the CILs-POF0.5 exhibited a satisfactory catalytic activity and reusability for a large scope of epoxides. Based on the experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) simulations, a synergetic catalytic mechanism was proposed based on the pended carboxylic acidic groups and IL groups. This study not only provided an atom-economic strategy to prepare POFs pending both carboxylic acids and ILs, but also showed new insights into the design of functionalized POF materials with great application potential in energy storage materials, separation, and green catalysis.
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