As a major substitute for the bisphenol A (BPA), the use of the bisphenol F (BPF) has increased dramatically in recent years. Growing evidence suggest that BPF shares numerous toxicological properties with BPA, raising the concerns about its potential impact on the health of organisms. However, the developmental toxicity of BPF remains poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a 5-day BPF exposure experiment on zebrafish ( Danio rerio ) from blastula stage at concentrations of 2, 20, 200, and 2000 µg/L. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in hatching rates across all treatment groups at 2 days post-fertilization (dpf). The esr1 was significantly upregulated at 2000 µg/L by 5 dpf, while no significant change was observed in ar . The frequency of operculum loss significantly increased at exposure concentrations of 20, 200, and 2000 µg/L, and a notable increase in notochord loss was observed at 2000 µg/L. To explore the underlying mechanisms, transcriptomic analysis was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the toxic effects of BPF were closely associated with osteoclast differentiation, the FoxO signaling pathway, and the MAPK signaling pathway. These pathways influenced critical biological processes, including response to stimuli, animal organ morphogenesis, detoxification, and biomineralization. This study provides evidence that BPF exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations (2 µg/L) is harmful to hatching, concentrations above 20 µg/L exhibit estrogenic-disrupting activity and exert toxicological effects on the development of the head skeleton in zebrafish. These effects are particularly linked to disruptions in osteoclast differentiation.
Jie Wu,Xue Li,Wencheng Wan,Qiaohong Yang,Weifeng Ma,Dan Chen,Jiangmiao Hu,C.-Y.Oliver Chen,Xiaoyong Wei
Ethnopharmacological relevance Dendrobium . chrysotoxum Lindl is a commonly used species of medicinal Dendrobium which belongs to the family of Orchidaceae , locally known as “Shihu” or “Huangcao”. D. chrysotoxum Lindl is widely known for medicinal values in traditional Chinese medicine as it possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycemic induction, antitumor and antioxidant properties. Study aim To characterize the interaction between gigantol extracted from D. chrysotoxum Lindl and the AR gene, and determine gigantol's efficacy against cataractogenesis . Materials and methods Human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) were induced by glucose as the model group. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to assess AR gene expression. Then, the mode of interaction of gigantol with the AR gene was evaluated by UV–visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscope (AFM) and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The binding constant was determined by UV–visible. Results Gigantol depressed AR gene expression in HLECs. UV–visible spectra preliminarily indicated that interaction between the AR gene and gigantol may follow the groove mode, with a binding constant of 1.85×10 3 L/mol. Atomic force microscope (AFM) data indicated that gigantol possibly bound to insert AR gene base pairs of the double helix. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) studies further supported these observations. Conclusion Gigantol extracted from D. chrysotoxum Lindl not only has inhibitory effects on aldose reductase, but also inhibits AR gene expression. These findings provide a more comprehensive theoretical basis for the use of Dendrobium for the treatment of diabetic cataract.
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