Yixuan Xu,Huiping Dang,Changchang Teng,Dalong Yin,Lifeng Yan
Rapid propagation of tumor cells requires plenty of energy, which is adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dependent. ATP inhibition in tumors not only results in the starvation of tumor cells but also down-regulation of the level of heat shock proteins (HSPs), which usually increase during traditional photothermal therapy (PTT), especially when the temperature is up 50 °C. 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) is an anti-glycolytic reagent and can be used as an efficient agent for ATP inhibition in tumors. Compared with typical PTT, low-temperature mild photothermal therapy (MPTT) is receiving more and more attention because it avoids the high temperatures causing damage to the normal tissue, and the increase of HSPs which decrease PTT. Here, multifunctional polypeptide nanoparticles pDG@Ahx conjugating both a NIR probe Ahx-BDP and 2DG into the side chain of the amphiphilic polypeptide have been prepared. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that the as-prepared nanoparticles achieve a synergistic effect of starvation/MPTT/PDT (photodynamic therapy), and it provides a new strategy to NIR-I/II fluorescence imaging-guided starvation/MPTT/PDT synergy therapy for tumors.
Starvation therapy, utilizing glucose oxidase (GOx) to deplete glucose and disrupt tumor energy, has shown promise in cancer treatment. However, this approach alone is insufficient to block ATP generation in tumors. Here, we introduce a self-‘cycling, boosting and propelling’ strategy, overcoming the ‘Achilles' heel’ of traditional starvation therapy by regulating the energy supply with CO. The high concentration of H 2 O 2 in the tumor microenvironment reacts with MnO 2 to generate Mn 2+ and O 2 . Mn 2+ catalyzes a Fenton-like reaction to produce hydroxyl radicals ( OH) for chemodynamic therapy and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), while O 2 further enhances GOx-mediated glucose consumption, producing more H 2 O 2 . This process not only recycles H 2 O 2 but accelerates CO release, disrupting ATP synthesis and inhibiting tumor energy supply. Additionally, the gas released enhances nanoplatform motility, improving tumor penetration and overcoming the limited permeability of conventional nanoparticles. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated superior antitumor and antimetastatic efficacy, coupled with excellent biocompatibility. This strategy offers a promising solution to traditional starvation therapy's challenges, with strong potential for clinical translation and transformative cancer treatment.
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