Zhenrui Zhao,Yawen Ju,Mingzhu Kou,Mei Tian,Michael John Christensen,Xingxu Zhang,Zhibiao Nan
The cuticular wax serves as the outermost hydrophobic barrier of plants against nonstomatal water loss and various environmental stresses. An objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of the mutualistic fungal endophyteEpichloë gansuensisto leaf cuticular wax ofAchnatherum inebriansunder different soil moisture availability. Through a pot experiment and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry (GC−MS) analysis, our results indicated that the hydrocarbons were the dominant components of leaf cuticular wax, and the proportion of alcohols, aldehydes, amines, and ethers varied with the presence or absence ofE. gansuensisand different soil moisture availability. Amines and ethers are unique in endophyte-free (EF)A. inebriansplants and endophyte-infected (EI)A. inebriansplants, respectively. By transcriptome analysis, we found a total of 13 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to cuticular biosynthesis, includingFabG,desB,SSI2,fadD,BiP,KCS,KAR,FAR, andABCB1. A model is proposed which provides insights for understanding cuticular wax biosynthesis in the association ofA. inebriansplants withE. gansuensis.These results may help guide the functional analyses of candidate genes important for improving the protective layer of cuticular wax of endophyte-symbiotic plants.Keywords:Epichloë gansuensis;Achnatherum inebrians;soil moisture availability;cuticular wax;gas chromatography−mass spectrometry;transcriptome analysis
Yue Zhu,Keke Cao,Michael J. Christensen,Xingxu Zhang
Achnatherum inebrians is a perennial plant belonging to the Poaceae, subfamily Pooideae, which often forms a symbiosis with fungal endophytes of the genus Epichloë. In this study, E. gansuensis-infected (E+) and E. gansuensis-free (E−) A. inebrians were inoculated with Blumeria graminis (pathogen-inoculated, P+; non-inoculated, P−) under greenhouse conditions. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and transcriptome sequencing were combined to characterize the response of the leaf cuticular wax of A. inebrians plants with and without the Epichloë endophyte to B. graminis stress. The present results revealed that the predominant components of the cuticular wax of A. inebrians leaves under the Epichloë endophyte and B. graminis treatments were hydrocarbons, esters, and fatty acids. The total cuticular wax and ester contents of the E+ and E− A. inebrians leaves significantly (p < 0.05) increased under the B. graminis treatment, but the total cuticular wax and ester contents of the E+ leaves were greater than those of the E− plants. Through transcriptome analysis, 15 genes that were differentially expressed and related to cuticular wax biosynthesis were identified, including fadD, fadF, TER, SSI2, BiP, CER1, FAR, and KCS.
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