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VOC Characterization of Byasa hedistus (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) and Its Visual and Olfactory Responses during Foraging and Courtship

Mingtao Li,Jie Liu,Shunan Chen,Jun Yao,Lei Shi,Hang Chen,Xiaoming Chen

Simple SummaryThe butterflyByasa hedistusexhibits strong volatiles but shows no significant differences in color and shape. We analyzed the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and tested the visual and olfactory behavioral responses ofB. hedistusduring foraging and courtship. The effects of colors and VOCs on the foraging and courtship ofB. hedistusare discussed. This study enhances our understanding of how male and female butterflies of similar coloration use different signals for foraging and courtship.AbstractColor and odor are crucial cues for butterflies during foraging and courtship. While most sexual dimorphic butterflies rely more on vision, our understanding of how butterflies with similar coloration use different signals remains limited. This study investigated the visual and olfactory behavioral responses of the similarly colored butterflyByasa hedistusduring foraging and courtship. While visiting artificial flowers of different colors, we found thatB. hedistusexhibits an innate color preference, with a sequence of preferences for red, purple, and blue. The frequency of flower visits byB. hedistussignificantly increased when honey water was sprayed on the artificial flowers, but it hardly visited apetalous branches with honey water. This proves that locating nectar sources by odor alone is difficult in the absence of floral color guides. During courtship, males are active while females hardly chase; only two models were observed: males chasing males and males chasing females. The courtship process includes four behaviors: slowing approach, straight chasing, hovering, and spinning.B. hedistuscannot distinguish between sexes based on color, as there is no significant difference in color and shape between them. Twenty-three VOCs (>1%) were identified inB. hedistus, with 21 shared by both sexes, while ketones are specific to males. These VOCs are principally represented by cineole, β-pinene, and linalool. When cineole was added to butterfly mimics, many butterflies were attracted to them, but the butterflies did not seem to distinguish between males and females. This suggests that cineole may be the feature VOC for identifying conspecific groups. Adding β-pinene and linalool to mimics induced numerous butterflies to chase, hover, spin around, and attempt to mate with them. This suggests that β-pinene and linalool are crucial cues indicating the presence of females.