Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 NPs) were usually consumed with a high content of sugar, and children were identified as having the highest exposures due to sweet food preferences. Research on the combined effect of ingested TiO 2 NPs and glucose has great significance, particularly in young people. We examined young Sprague-Dawley rats administered TiO 2 NPs (0, 2, 10 and 50 mg/kg) orally with and without glucose (1.8 g/kg) for 90 days. Blood glucose homeostasis was assessed by monitoring blood glucose and detecting glycoproteins. Glucose tolerance was also evaluated by the oral glucose tolerance test. The levels of blood glucose-related hormones such as insulin, C-peptide and glucagon were measured. We found that subchronic co-exposure of TiO 2 NPs and glucose caused slight imbalance of blood glucose homeostasis in vivo. Mild and temporary hypoglycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and changes of glucose-regulating hormones were shown in the exposure groups. The combined effect of TiO 2 NPs and glucose was more apparent than that of TiO 2 NPs alone, which may be due to the effects of excess glucose and the interactions between TiO 2 NPs and glucose. The antagonistic effect of TiO 2 NPs with glucose did exist in the level of glycosylated hemoglobin in female rats. Gender differences were apparent in these effects induced by TiO 2 NPs and glucose. Female rats seemed to be more susceptible for blood glucose disorders. Co-exposure of TiO 2 NPs and excessive glucose could induce gender-dependent imbalance of blood glucose homeostasis in rats. It may be the reason that these consumers face greater health risks glycosylated hemoglobin.
C-peptide is a critical biomarker for evaluating pancreatic β cell function and managing diabetes. However, conventional methods such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are limited by lengthy processing times and the necessity for invasive sample collection. This study introduces a regenerable, portable, and wearable device for minimally invasive, real-time monitoring of C-peptide in dermal interstitial fluid (ISF). The device uses a microneedle array and negative pressure extraction for ISF collection. A double-antibody sandwich approach was used to detect C-peptide, and an antibody regeneration strategy was applied to remove bound antigen-antibody complexes, thereby achieving repeatable detection, enabling at least 10 detection assays on the same chip with negligible signal attenuation. The compact design features a skin contact area of only 3 cm by 5.4 cm and excellent biocompatibility. Integrated with a mobile app, the device provides real-time concentration reading. Mouse and rabbit tests confirm effective ISF sampling and monitoring accuracy, demonstrating its potential for at-home diabetes management and broader wearable biosensing applications.
Binger Yu,Yong Cui,Xinyi Mao,Zijing Li,Zepeng Li,Guoqing Shi
C-peptide is a biomarker that has clinical implications for the diagnosis of a variety of diseases. In this study, an ultrasensitive time-resolved fluorescence lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (TRF-LFIA) method was established for the detection of C-peptides in human serum. The key to this method is the oriented immobilization of antibodies anti C-peptide on TRF microspheres that can sufficiently expose the antigen binding site . The limit of detection (LOD) of this method for C-peptide was 0.005 ng mL −1 , which is 10-fold less than that of TRF-LFIA method based on nonoriented immobilizing antibodies. The working range of this method was 0.005–250 ng mL −1 , and the spiked recoveries of C-peptide in human serum were 106.85%–116.40% with a CV value less than 10%. The test results of actual serum samples had good consistency (R 2 > 0.97) with the Roche Cobas 8000 automatic chemiluminescence immunoassay analyzer. This method can be utilized for the point-of-care testing (POCT) of C-peptide, and the oriented immobilizing method can also be used to construct highly sensitive probes to improve the sensitivity of other analytes in the POCT platform.
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