CCL22, which could induce chondrocyte apoptosis, was identified to be overexpressed in damaged cartilage. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of CCL22 interference on chondrocyte injury. The osteoarthritis model was established by stimulating chondrocytes with LPS. The expressions of CCL22, CCR4, matrix metallopeptidase (MMP) 3, MMP9, MMP13, (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin-like motifs) ADAMTS-4, collagen II and inflammatory cytokines were measured using quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Besides, immunoprecipitation (IP) was employed to verify the binding of CCL22 and CCR4. After CCR4 was overexpressed, cell viability was observed using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Additionally, cell apoptosis as well as its related proteins was detected by TUNEL and western blot, respectively. ng What’s more, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) level was detected using GAG kits. CCL22 and CCR4 expression increased noticeably in LPS-stimulated ATDC5 chondrocytes. CCL22 inhibition could suppress the expression of CCR4 in LPS-induced ATDC5 cells. Likewise, CCL22 inhibition could revive the activation of LPS-induced ATDC5 cells by regulating CCR4. In addition, CCL22 knockdown alleviated inflammatory response and cell apoptosis through CCR4. Furthermore, the cartilage degradation of ADTC5 cells could be relieved by CCL22 silence via regulating CCR4. CCL22/CCR4 expression was increased in osteoarthritic cartilage injury and participated in the inflammation and cartilage degradation of chondrocytes.
Pancreatic cancer has remained a major cause of cancer-related deaths. A hallmark of pancreatic cancer is extensive stromal reactions, resulting in a unique tumor microenvironment, especially the involvement of macrophages. These tumor-educated cells limit the efficacy of chemotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to identify an effective treatment strategy. In this study, we aimed to explore the anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects of osthole on pancreatic cancer. We found that osthole suppressed Panc 02 cell migration and proliferation and induced apoptosis as shown in vitro. Osthole also attenuated the development of pancreatic cancer in mice by inhibiting tumor-infiltrating M2 macrophages in our study. Additionally, osthole inhibited the polarization of primary bone marrow cells into M2 macrophages and inhibited the expression of MRC1 , CCL22 and TGF-β in the M2 polarization process in vitro. Detection of the related signaling pathways revealed that osthole exerted immunomodulatory effects on M2 macrophages by down-regulating p-STAT6 and the p-ERK1/2-C/EBP β axis. These results indicated that osthole has effective anti-tumor and immunomodulatory effects on pancreatic cancer.
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