Du Xiaowen,Zeng Mengting,Yang Wenzhuo,Jiang Yuting,Huang Guangyu,Ding Shiping,Jiang Danli,Yuan Zhaoxia
For decades, infectious bronchitis (IB), caused by the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), has posed a significant threat to poultry health and is mainly controlled by vaccines. However, the currently available commercial vaccines do not provide adequate protection against new IBV strains that emerge due to ongoing evolution. Therefore, new antiviral strategies need to be explored. Cepharanthine (CEP), tetrandrine (TET), and berbamine hydrochloride (BBM) are natural plant-derived bis-benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BBAs) with proven antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and other viruses. Despite this, their potential antiviral activities against IBV remain unknown. As a proof-of-concept study, we aimed to investigate the inhibitory effects of CEP, TET, and BBM on the laboratory-adapted IBV Beaudette strain in Vero cells and of CEP in chicken embryos. Our research demonstrated that CEP, TET, and BBM effectively suppressed IBV infection in Vero cells, with CEP showing a particularly high selective index of 309.6. These compounds dose-dependently decreased IBV RNA levels and N protein expression and lowered intracellular and extracellular viral titers. Notably, CEP also exhibited antiviral activity against IBV infection in chicken embryos, resulting in reduced mortality and fewer lesions. While these findings highlight the potential of CEP, TET, and BBM as candidates for further development, further studies are required to evaluate their efficacy against field-prevalent IBV strains (e.g., Massachusetts, QX-like) and clarify the specific antiviral mechanisms.
Dong Zhou,Jie Yang,Hui Li,Changzheng Cui,Yunjiang Yu,Yongdi Liu,Kuangfei Lin
To investigate biological effects of bisphenol A (BPA) over the long term, the model animal Caenorhabditis elegans was used to conduct the chronic exposure. C. elegans were exposed to BPA (0.0001–10 μM) from L4 larvae to day-10 adult in the present chronic toxicity assay system. Multiple endpoints at the physiological (growth, locomotion behaviors and lifespan), biochemical (lipofuscin accumulation), molecular (stress-related genes expressions), and population (population size) levels were examined. At the physiological level, BPA exposure induced significant negative effects on the indicators. Among the endpoints, head thrash was most sensitive and the detection limit was 0.001 μM. At the biochemical level, BPA exposure induced no significant effects on lipofuscin accumulation. At the molecular level, BPA induced strong stress responses in vivo . At the population level, the population size was significantly decreased in the treatment groups from 0.1 to 10 μM. Compared to the previous short-term toxicity evaluation, long-term exposure to BPA induced a more obvious response at the same concentration, and the phenomenon might be due to cumulative toxic effects. By the Pearson correlation analyses, cep-1 was speculated to act as an important role in BPA-induced chronic toxicity on C. elegans .
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