With the growing severity of counterfeiting threats, counterfeiting anti-counterfeiting technologies including fluorescence, QR codes, and query-based labels, rely on static patterns with limited encryption security, leading to inadequate protection and a lack of diversity in anti-counterfeiting strength. Consequently, advancing dynamic anti-counterfeiting systems has become an urgent priority. This study developed a novel dynamic anti-counterfeiting strategy through the synthesis of yellow persistent luminescent CaGa 2 O 4 :Mn 2+ via high-temperature solid-state reaction. In this research, the results demonstrated that at the doping concentration of 0.001 mol Mn, the sample exhibited the best luminescence properties. Furthermore, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses revealed that electron traps responsible for the afterglow process primarily originated from oxygen vacancies, and the underlying afterglow mechanism was elucidated. Finally, CaGa 2 O 4 :Mn 2+ long-lasting phosphorescent ink was synthesized and anti-counterfeiting labels were fabricated via screen printing technology. The material's intrinsic photoresponsive behavior enables time-dependent luminance decay post-UV excitation, establishing dynamic authentication through programmable optical evolution, Which effectively realize dynamic anti-counterfeiting.
Two novel low- ε r gallates MGa 2 O 4 (M = Ca, Sr) have been synthesized via a standard solid-state reaction method. According to the X-ray diffraction results, CaGa 2 O 4 crystallizes in space group Pna2 1 with an orthorhombic symmetry, while SrGa 2 O 4 belongs to the monoclinic P2 1 / c system. Both ceramics show ever-improving microstructures with the increasing sintering temperature . The optimal microwave dielectric properties ( ε r = 9.2, Qf = 66,000 GHz, τ f =–85 ppm/°C for SrGa 2 O 4 and ε r = 10.6, Qf = 15,400 GHz, τ f =–58 ppm/°C for CaGa 2 O 4 ) are obtained when sintered at 1275 °C. A patch antenna is fabricated using SrGa 2 O 4 ceramics as the substrate, which realizes a return loss of –19.94 dB and total efficiency of –1.38 dB (72.8 % in power ratio) at 4.84 GHz. The exceptional performances indicate that SrGa 2 O 4 ceramics are promising candidates for antenna applications at the Sub-6 GHz band.
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