JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE
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2025
·Vol. 90
·期 3
·e70075
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IF 3.4
Xuefeng Qu,Qinxi Wang,Zemi Xie,Yuejin Wu,Yangjunna Zhang,Zhen Liu,Yin Wang
The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (red) is a strain rich in protoporphyrin IX, which could be used as algal-derived novel sustainable nutritional sources. However, the safety research on C. reinhardtii (red) remains insufficient and further investigation is needed. In order to assess the safety of C. reinhardtii (red) and to expand its use in food applications, a series of toxicological safety evaluations were carried out to observe acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity of C. reinhardtii (red). The C. reinhardtii (red) was administered to an acute oral toxicity test, mammalian micronucleus test, mouse chromosomal aberration test in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice, and 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. In the acute oral toxicological test, no mortality or abnormalities were observed in male and female rats, with an median lethal dose(Lethal Dose, 50%) (LD 50 ) exceeding 10.0 g/kg body weight (BW). Similarly, male and female mice exhibited no mortality or abnormalities, with an LD 50 surpassing 20.0 g/kg BW. The results of bacterial reverse mutation test, mammalian micronucleus test, and mouse chromosomal aberration test were all negative, suggesting that the C. reinhardtii (red) did not show mutagenicity under the conditions of this experiment. In a 90-day repeated-dose oral toxicity study, the SD rats were orally administered daily doses of 2.0 g/kg BW, 4.0 g/kg BW, and 8.0 g/kg BW without exhibiting any signs or symptoms of toxicity. Therefore, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of C. reinhardtii (red) was 8.0 g/kg BW/day. This study contributes to information necessary to form a basis for safety for expanding the application range of C. reinhardtii (red) in food. Practical Application The aim of this study was to assess the safety of C. reinhardtii (red) and to expand its use in food applications. The major finding of this study is that the C. reinhardtii (red) did not show acute toxicity, subchronic toxicity and genotoxicity under the conditions of this experiment. This study contributes to information necessary to form a basis for safety for expanding the application range of C. reinhardtii (red) in food.
研究领域:
毒理学
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食品安全
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营养学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2022
·
IF 8.943
Kai Han,Yanjun Liu,Jianan Hu,Junjie Jia,Shujuan Sun
With the development of medical drugs, the widely used tetracycline has brought many adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health. Tetracycline pollution of water environment is becoming more and more serious, and has become an emerging environmental problem. As single celled organisms, microalgae are not only model organisms for risk assessment of aquatic ecosystems , but also can efficiently purify sewage. Microalgae-mediated pollutant remediation has attracted more and more attention from researchers. In this paper, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ( C. reinhardtii ) was used to remove tetracycline in aqueous solution, and the removal efficiency and mechanism of microalgae on tetracycline were studied. The results showed that the removal rates of tetracycline by active and inactivated microalgae at a density of 5 × 10 6 cells·mL −1 were 81.9% and 89.8%, respectively. C. reinhardtii removed tetracycline through biosorption and nonmetabolic processes. Microalgal cell supernatant and hydroxyl radicals could significantly promote the removal of tetracycline. The positively charged tetracycline was electrostatically adsorbed on the microalgae surface and extracellular polymeric substances. Microalgae biomass can promote the production of ROS and enhance the ability of microalgae to remove tetracycline.
研究领域:
环境科学
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水生生态学
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生物修复
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DOI
高影响因子
CHEMOSPHERE
·
2021
·
IF 7.086
Limei Xu,Zhilin Zhao,Zhen Yan,Gaoxiang Zhou,Wenming Zhang,Yong Wang,Xiaochen Li
Numerous studies have been investigated the toxic effects of silver nanoparticle (Ag-NPs) on algae; however, little attention has been paid to the defense pathways of algae cells to Ag-NPs. In the study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ( C. reinhardtii ) was selected as a model organism to investigate the defense mechanisms to Ag-NPs exposure. The results showed that exopolysaccharide and protein in bound-extracellular polymeric substances significantly increased under Ag-NPs stress. These metal-binding groups including C–O–C (exopolysaccharide), CH 3 /CH 2 (proteins), O–H/N–H (hydroxyl group) and C–H (alkyl groups) played a key role in extracellular biosorption. The internalized or strongly bound Ag (1.90%–17.45% of total contents) was higher than the loosely surface biosorption (0.31%–1.79%). The accumulation of glutathione disulfide (GSSG), together with the decline of reduced glutathione/GSSG (GSH/GSSG) ratio in C. reinhardtii cells, indicated a significant oxidative stress caused by exposure of Ag-NPs. The increasing phytochelatin accompanied with the decreasing GSH level indicated a critical role to intracellular detoxification of Ag. Furthermore, upregulation of antioxidant genes ( MSOD , QTOX2 , CAT1 , GPX2 , APX and VTE3 ) can cope with oxidative stress of Ag-NPs or Ag + . The up-regulation of ascorbate peroxidase ( APX ) and glutathione peroxidase ( GPX2 ) genes and the reduction in GSH contents showed that the toxicity of Ag-NPs could be mediated by an intracellular ascorbate-GSH defense pathway. These findings can provide valuable information on ecotoxicity of Ag-NPs, potential bioremediation and adaptation capabilities of algal cells to Ag-NPs.
研究领域:
环境科学
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微生物学
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分子生物学
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生态毒理学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Biotechnology for Biofuels
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2017
·Vol. 10
·期 1
·1-16
·
IF 5.203
Jiang Yongguang,Xiao Peng,Shao Qing,Qin Huan,Hu Zhangli,Lei Anping,Wang Jiangxin
Background Microalgae have been demonstrated to be among the most promising phototrophic species for producing renewable biofuels and chemicals. Ethanol and butanol are clean energy sources with good chemical and physical properties as alternatives to gasoline. However, biosynthesis of these two biofuels has not been achieved due to low tolerance of algal cells to ethanol or butanol. Results With an eye to circumventing these problems in the future and engineering the robust alcohol-producing microalgal hosts, we investigated the metabolic responses of the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii to ethanol and butanol. Using a quantitative proteomics approach with iTRAQ-LC–MS/MS technologies, we detected the levels of 3077 proteins; 827 and 730 of which were differentially regulated by ethanol and butanol, respectively, at three time points. In particular, 41 and 59 proteins were consistently regulated during at least two sampling times. Multiple metabolic processes were affected by ethanol or butanol, and various stress-related proteins, transporters, cytoskeletal proteins, and regulators were induced as the major protection mechanisms against toxicity of the organic solvents. The most highly upregulated butanol response protein was Cre.770 peroxidase. Conclusions The study is the first comprehensive view of the metabolic mechanisms employed by C. reinhardtii to defend against ethanol or butanol toxicity. Moreover, the proteomic analysis provides a resource for investigating potential gene targets for engineering microalgae to achieve efficient biofuel production.
研究领域:
生物化学
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植物学
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能源生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
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2025
·
IF 8.4
Limei Xu,Zining Wang,Hanyu Zhang,Aoxue Sun,Gaoxiang Zhou,Ruixue Jiang,Tiantian Chen,Yong Wang,Xiaochen Li
So far, potential chronic risks of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on organisms remain largely unknown, especially molecular-level alterations at the environmentally relevant concentrations. In this study, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ( C. reinhardtii ) is used as the model organism to investigate chronic toxic effects of 100 μg/L and 50 mg/L AgNPs for 120 d. Physiological studies showed that AgNPs attached on cell surface and internalized into algal cells, inducing the increase in cell permeability, the decline in cell size and granularity, the damage in photosynthetic systems, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The damage in photosynthetic systems was reflected in the decline in the photosynthetic activity ( F v / F m ), photosynthetic efficiency ( F v / F 0 ), and fluorescence intensities of Peridinin-Chlorophyll Protein Complex and Allophycocyanin. C. reinhardtii attempted to increase the absorption (ABS/RC), dissipation (Dl 0 /RC) and trapping (TR 0 /RC) of light energy for adapting AgNPs stress. In addition, the accumulation of glutathione (GSH), ascorbate (ASC), and the irreversible cell apoptosis was observed in 50 mg/L AgNPs group. Transcriptomics showed that most of genes involved in photosynthetic systems (e.g. photo-oxidation, light harvesting, and chlorophyll synthesis) were down regulated, providing evidence for chloroplast as the main target of AgNPs toxicity. The up-regulation of some genes, involved in ASC and aldarate metabolism, and GSH metabolism, showed self-adaptive capacity of C. reinhardtii to eliminate ROS under long-term exposure to AgNPs. Phagocytosis and endocytosis were the main pathways of the internalization of AgNPs. This study provided valuable data for potential chronic risks of nanoparticles in aquatic environment.
研究领域:
环境科学
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毒理学
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分子生物学
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水生生态学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
WATER RESEARCH
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2024
·
IF 11.4
Xin Qi,Jing-Yu Qin,Shaoguo Ru,Jiu-Qiang Xiong
Microalgae-based biotechnology is one of the most promising alternatives to conventional methods for the removal of antibiotic contaminants from diverse water matrices. However, current knowledge regarding the biochemical mechanisms and catabolic enzymes involved in microalgal biodegradation of antibiotics is scant, which limits the development of enhancement strategies to increase their engineering feasibility. In this study, we investigated the removal dynamics of amphenicols (chloramphenicol, thiamphenicol, and florfenicol), which are widely used in aquaculture, by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under different growth modes (autotrophy, heterotrophy, and mixotrophy). We found C. reinhardtii removed >92 % chloramphenicol (CLP) in mixotrophic conditions. Intriguingly, gamma-glutamyl hydrolase (GGH) in C. reinhardtii was most significantly upregulated according to the comparative proteomics, and we demonstrated that GGH can directly bind to CLP at the Pro77 site to induce acetylation of the hydroxyl group at C3 position, which generated CLP 3-acetate. This identified role of microalgal GGH is mechanistically distinct from that of animal counterparts. Our results provide a valuable enzyme toolbox for biocatalysis and reveal a new enzymatic function of microalgal GGH. As proof of concept, we also analyzed the occurrence of these three amphenicols and their degradation intermediate worldwide, which showed a frequent distribution of the investigated chemicals at a global scale. This study describes a novel catalytic enzyme to improve the engineering feasibility of microalgae-based biotechnologies. It also raises issues regarding the different microalgal enzymatic transformations of emerging contaminants because these enzymes might function differently from their counterparts in animals.
研究领域:
环境生物技术
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生物化学
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微生物学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
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2022
·
IF 7.129
Liang Wan,Yixiao Wu,Yan Zhang,Weihao Zhang
The novel fourth-generation fluoroquinolones (FQs) were developed to improve the antimicrobial activity and their utilization has rapidly increased in recent years. However, knowledge of the ecotoxicity and microalgae-mediated biodegradation of these novel FQs is limited. In this research, the toxic effects of moxifloxacin (MOX) and gatifloxacin (GAT) on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as well as their biodegradation and metabolic fate were investigated. The results showed that the toxicity of MOX to C. reinhardtii was higher than that of GAT, and increased with culture time. Chlorophyll fluorescence and pigment content analyses suggested that the decrease in photosynthetic efficiency was primarily caused by the inhibition of electron transport after Q A in PSII complex. These FQs induced oxidative damage in cells, and the antioxidation mechanisms of C. reinhardtii were analyzed. The maximum MOX removal of 77.67% by C. reinhardtii was achieved at 1 mg/L MOX, whereas the maximum GAT removal of 34.04% was attained at 20 mg/L GAT. The different hydrophilicity and lipophilicity of these FQs resulted in distinct findings in biodegradation experiments. Identification of the transformation products suggested that the likely biodegradation pathways of FQs by C. reinhardtii were hydroxylation, demethylation, and ring cleavage.
研究领域:
环境科学
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微生物学
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毒理学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
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2026
·
IF 9.1
Yu Ding,Yuanzhu Mi,Shuyue Zhou,Shiyong Wei,Baiyun Jin,Wentao Ma,Fan Ye,Xuemin Yan
A Chlamydomonas reinhardtii -inspired demulsifier is synthesized for W/O emulsion separation. • MP 12 drives efficient interfacial non-covalent interaction reconstruction. • MP 12 achieves 100% demulsification efficiency at 50 °C across a wide pH range of 4–10. • MP 12 significantly reduces interfacial tension and displaces asphaltenes. • Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions promote the interfacial film rupture. Non-covalent reconstruction is recognized as a critical factor in the destabilization of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions. However, simultaneously developing highly efficient chemical demulsifiers and capturing the precise molecular mechanisms by which these non-covalent forces cooperatively reconstruct the oil-water interface (OWI) remain significant challenges. To address this, a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii -inspired demulsifier was synthesized via a two-step strategy. Its molecular structure integrates flexible polyether backbones and hydrophobic dodecyl chains, thereby enabling effective modulation of non-covalent interactions and promoting efficient demulsification of W/O emulsions. Systematic demulsification performance evaluations reveal that MP 12 exhibits exceptional demulsification efficiency (DE); at a relatively low temperature of 50 °C, it achieves a DE of 100% across a broad pH range of 4–10, significantly outperforming commercial demulsifiers. Comprehensive interfacial characterizations, including surface tension (SFT), dynamic interfacial tension (IFT), three-phase contact angle (TCA) and coalescence time (CD) measurements, demonstrate that MP 12 effectively penetrates and displaces the rigid asphaltene film at the OWI. Furthermore, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations confirm that this displacement process is driven by potent hydrogen bond (HB) interactions and high interaction energies between the polyether/hydroxyl groups of MP 12 and water molecules. These atomistic insights successfully elucidate how the demulsifier cooperatively compromises the mechanical integrity of the asphaltene network, providing a solid thermodynamic explanation for the accelerated droplet coalescence observed in experiments. By bridging macroscopic performance with microscopic simulation insights, this work provides a theoretical and practical strategy for the design of high-performance synthetic demulsifiers, offering valuable implications for W/O emulsion treatment. Download: Download high-res image (347KB) Download: Download full-size image
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DOI
高影响因子
AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
·
2019
·
IF 3.794
Mengdi Xie,Yingxue Sun,Jianfeng Feng,Yongfei Gao,Lin Zhu
Predicting the sublethal effects of pollutants to aquatic organism is essential in realistic chemical risk assessment. However, only a few dynamics models for sublethal endpoints are available. Here, we investigated the toxic effects of the essential metal Cu and the nonessential metal Cd on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under both single and combined exposure, compared the effectiveness of different effect endpoints as toxic effect factors, and developed a Dynamic Energy Budget toxicology (DEBtox) model to predict the sublethal effects of Cu and Cd on C. reinhardtii . The results showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter is a better toxic effect indicator than others for short-term exposure (<24 h), while algal cell growth is preferred for long-term exposure (2–6 days). The developed DEBtox model could successfully predict single metal toxicity to C. reinhardtii, while the combined metal DEBtox model slightly overestimates the joint toxicity of Cu-Cd due to the antagonistic effect of Cu-Cd on C. reinhardtii. This study is helpful to understanding and better predictions of metal sublethal toxic effects on aquatic organisms.
研究领域:
环境毒理学
·
水生生物学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Jing Jiang,Xinwei Li,Kaiguang Yang,Wangyin Wang,Xupeng Cao,Can Li
Formate, which can be produced from CO 2 with green energy, has received increasing attentions as a carbon source for bioconversion. Microalgae have the native advantages of use captured light energy to facilitate the formate assimilation. However, the low efficient natural conversion and inhibition to the electron transfer chain obstacle its applications’ development. Here, using green microalga C. reinhardtii 21gr as the model, an approach to improve formate-based biomass and protein production was raised and verified through isotope labeling experiments, and the pathway of formate which presented in photosynthetic organisms was related to amino acids. By the enhancement of chloroplast glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (cGAPDH) expression, together with the adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) over regular lethal dose of formate, the yields of the biomass and proteins were promoted with 34 % and 55 % to the wild type, respectively. Indicated by the photosynthetic activity variations, it was proposed that the balance of cellular energy and reduction power is necessary for microalgae to achieve high productivity with formate. Further investigated by proteomics, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) was identified as the key enzyme to formate and nitrogen’s co-assimilation.
研究领域:
植物学
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生物化学
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遗传学
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DOI
高影响因子
ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY
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2020
·
IF 4.872
Sijie Wei,Jun Cao,Xinyue Ma,Jie Ping,Chao Zhang,Tan Ke,Yurui Zhang,Yue Tao,Lanzhou Chen
Microalgae have been used for the removal of heavy metals or synthetic organics; however, the simultaneous removal of both types of compounds is always technically difficult. In this study, a green algae , Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , was first used to simultaneously remove hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and o-nitrophenol (ONP), and the balance among biomass, oxidative damage and removal rate was also investigated. The results showed that treatment with Cr(VI) or ONP decreased the photosynthetic and superoxide dismutase activities and increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde content. However, combined treatment with Cr(VI) (≤4 mg/L) and ONP (≤15 mg/L) significantly decreased ROS generation and alleviated cell damage in C. reinhardtii . In addition, the removal rates of Cr(VI) and ONP by C. reinhardtii cells significantly increased from 37.4% to 54.9% and from 35.8% to 45.9%, respectively, and the cells could be reused at least four times. Moreover, the increased acidity in the medium and Cr(VI) reductase content in C. reinhardtii caused Cr(VI) to be reduced to Cr(III). The addition of an exogenous antioxidant decreased the removal rates of Cr(VI) and ONP. These results indicated that the presence of Cr(VI) could induce ROS generation in C. reinhardtii and enhance ONP degradation, which consumed ROS, alleviated cell damage, and thus benefited Cr(VI) reduction. As a result, C. reinhardtii could be used as a theoretical candidate for the simultaneous removal of combined Cr(VI) and ONP contamination.
研究领域:
环境科学
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微生物学
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DOI
高影响因子
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH
·
2020
·Vol. 28
·期 12
·15032-15042
·
IF 3.056
Zhao Zhilin,Xu Limei,Wang Yong,Li Bihan,Zhang Wenming,Li Xiaochen
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are widely used in daily life and inevitably discharged into the aquatic environment, causing increasingly serious pollution. Research on the toxicity of Ag-NPs is still in infancy, little information is available on the relationships between oxidative stress and antioxidant, as well as damaging degrees of Ag-NPs to cellular structural components of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii ( C. reinhardtiii ). In the present study, we revealed the toxicity mechanism of C. reinhardtii under Ag-NPs stress using flow cytometry (FCM), metabolic methods, and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the chloroplasts were damaged and the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments was inhibited under Ag-NPs stress, which inhibited the growth of C. reinhardtii . Meanwhile, Ag-NPs also caused C. reinhardtii to produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased malondialdehyde content and changed the permeability of cell membrane, resulting in the acceleration of internalization of Ag-NPs. The decrease of cell size and intracellular chlorophyll autofluorescence was observed with FCM. To deal with the induced excessive ROS that could lead to lethal and irreversible structure damage, C. reinhardtii activated antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. This study provides new information for better understanding the potential toxicity risks of Ag-NPs in the aquatic environment.
研究领域:
环境科学
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植物学
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毒理学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
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