Cadmium (Cd), a harmful heavy metal that has no biological purpose, can harm healthy fetal and child development. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant polyphenol in tea, has been shown to increase cell viability under Cd exposure and ameliorate Cd-induced kidney injury in adult male rats. Using theCaenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans) model, we demonstrated that EGCG mitigated Cd-induced body size developmental toxicity through a mechanism that did not involve chelation with EGCG and was not associated with Cd accumulation and efflux. Our research indicated that the beneficial effects of EGCG on Cd-induced body size developmental toxicity were associated with the mitigation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Furthermore, our observations indicate that EGCG reduced Cd-induced developmental toxicity inC. elegansvia the PEK-1/eIF-2α/ATF-4 pathway. Our results provide important evidence for the potential benefits of consuming tea as a detoxification agent.Keywords:tea;EGCG;cadmium;Caenorhabditis elegans;developmental toxicity;endoplasmic reticulum stress
Jia Liu,Hui Du,Tao Liu,Cheng Chen,Ying Yan,Tianqiang Liu,Lei Liu,Erlong Wang
Hepatopancreas as the main organ detoxifying xenobiotics with higher detoxifying and antioxidant enzymes activities , could best reflected the status of antioxidant defence against virus infection in the organisms. Catalase ( CAT ) and glutathione S-transferase ( GST ) were two important enzymes associated with hepatopancreas antioxidation and detoxification. To obtain the accurate expression levels of CAT and GST gene which reflect the status of hepatopancreas antioxidation and detoxification, two or more reference genes expressed stably under different conditions should be selected for RT-qPCR analysis. In this study, eight candidate reference genes were investigated using RefFinder program to screen the most stable reference gene during virus (white spot syndrome virus, WSSV) infection and drug (matrine) treatments in Procambarus clarkii , the relative expression levels and the activities of CAT and GST in hepatopancreas were detected and compared to verify the validity of selected reference genes. The results showed that taken different tissues together, EIF and EF1 α were the most stable and unstable reference genes respectively in P. clarkii no matter under different WSSV infection periods (0, 24, 48, 72 h) or different matrine treatment methods according to RefFinder analysis. The optimal number of reference genes in hepatopancreas was two using geNorm analysis, i.e. EIF and TBP , which were top two most stable reference genes in hepatopancreas. Moreover, based on the comparison between the relative expression levels and the activities of CAT and GST, EIF and TBP as reference genes were proved to be necessary and practicable to evaluate hepatopancreas antioxidation during WSSV infection and matrine treatments. Besides, the optimal number of reference genes in other P. clarkii tissues was also two genes, i.e. EIF and TUB in intestine, EIF and EF1α in muscle, EIF and GAPDH in gills, EIF and TBP in brain , TBP and UB in gonads . Our study was helpful to acquire the accurate data of antioxidation and detoxification-related and immune-related gene expression during virus infection and drug treatments in crayfish, especially in hepatopancreas tissues
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