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Study on the Anticancer Mechanism of Hydroxygenkwanin in Esophageal Cancer via the ESRRA Signaling Pathway

Yuan Wang,Xin Wan,Yutian Zhang,Jia Qi,Chao Li,Xiaonan Cui

Objective To explore the role of ESRRA in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression and evaluate the antitumor effects of hydroxygenkwanin (HGK), focusing on its interaction with ESRRA and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods Cell viability, apoptosis, invasion, and proliferation were assessed in EC109 and TE-1 cells treated with HGK using CCK-8, Hoechst staining, Transwell, and colony formation assays. ESRRA expression was analyzed via qPCR and Western blot. An ESCC mouse model was established, with treatment groups receiving HGK. Serum IL-10 and IL-12 levels were measured by ELISA; tumor growth and toxicity were evaluated by histology. EMT marker expression was analyzed by IHC and RT-qPCR. TCGA database analysis explored ESRRA-related pathways and its link to the tumor microenvironment and patient survival. Results HGK inhibited EC109 and TE-1 cell proliferation and migration, especially in EC109 cells, by downregulating ESRRA in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, HGK reduced tumor growth with minimal toxicity, though high doses showed possible renal effects. IL-12 levels decreased, and EMT markers were altered. ESRRA was overexpressed in ESCC tissues and correlated with EMT-related genes. TCGA analysis confirmed ESRRA’s association with poor survival in ESCC patients. Conclusion HGK effectively suppresses ESCC with low toxicity, primarily by inhibiting ESRRA and blocking EMT, highlighting its therapeutic potential.