In order to evaluate fatty acid (FA) sensing systems based on binding to FAT/CD36 in hypothalamus of Chinese perch ( Siniperca chuatsi ) and its sensitivity to FAs with the same chain length and different unsaturation levels. The effects of Stearate (SA; C18:0), oleate (OA; C18:1 n-9), linoleic acid (LA; C18:2 n-6), and α-linolenic acid (ALA; C18:3 n-3) on hypothalamic FA sensing were evaluated by intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration. Food intake was assessed after 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 h. Gene expression associated with FA sensing mechanism such as cd36 , pparα and srebp1c , and neuropeptides controlling appetite such as pomca , cart , agrp2 and npy were assessed after 6 h. The ICV treatment of OA, LA and ALA activated FAT/CD36 and PPARα, rather than SA, and modulated gene expression levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides associated with appetite. And then, OA, LA and ALA inhibited food intake, which was consistent with the activation of hypothalamus FA sensing. Our data indicated some mechanisms of the hypothalamic FA sensing systems also existed in Chinese perch. It's worth noting that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) could also activate hypothalamic FA sensing mechanisms in Chinese perch. The unsaturation of FA appears to be extremely important for FA sensing mechanisms, since no major influences in Chinese perch after SA treatment. Our findings will contribute to the study of long-chain FAs sensing mechanisms in fish hypothalamus and highlight the importance of PUFAs in fish species.
Hyperlipidemia impose a substantial burden on human health. Recent studies have demonstrated that probiotics can regulate lipid metabolism by modulating gut microbiota composition or producing bioactive metabolites, with human-derived strains potentially exhibiting superior host colonization capacity. This study isolated Lactobacillus gasseri LG 2361 from 84 healthy infant fecal samples. Safety assessments confirmed non-hemolytic activity, antibiotic susceptibility (except natural resistance), and gastrointestinal adaption (81 % survival at pH 3.0; 60 % survival at 0.1 % bile). The strain demonstrated lipid-lowering capacity in vitro , degrading 43.0 % cholesterol and 34.6 % triglycerides. In high-fat diet mice, LG 2361 reduced hepatic lipid accumulation (11.6 % total cholesterol, p < 0.05), attenuated abdominal adiposity (32.9 % subcutaneous fat reduction, p < 0.01), and may enhance antioxidant status (22.5 % glutathione peroxidase increase, p < 0.01). Synergy with L . acidophilus ATCC 43121 amplified efficacy, achieving 61.6 % abdominal fat reduction (p < 0.01) while suppressing TNF-α (0.46-fold) and IL-1β (0.29-fold, p < 0.001). Mechanistically, LG 2361 downregulated PPARγ (0.59-fold, p < 0.01) and modulated FAT/CD36 pathways, indicating dual regulation of lipogenesis and lipid transport. These findings suggest that LG 2361 may be a probiotic candidate for hyperlipidemia management.
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