ACS Omega
·
2025
·
IF 4.3
Hanyu Jiang,Xuanjun Wang,Siyu Xu,Jin Yu,Zihao Zhang,Xiaogang Mu,Taizhong Huang,Fengqi Zhao
The 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) has been adopted in high-energy explosives. To further improve the thermal safety and detonation performance of FOX-7, a microfluidic crystallization platform with a swirl-shaped chip was employed to prepare ultrafine FOX-7. Results show that the crystal structure of FOX-7 could be precisely controlled by adjusting the operational parameters of microfluidic. The microfluidic techniques prepared superfine FOX-7 exhibit a consistent smaller particle size, narrower particle size distribution, reduced crystal defects, and enhanced sphericity structure. On the other hand, the thermochemical properties of FOX-7 are also improved. The thermal decomposition temperature and critical thermal explosion temperature of ultrafine FOX-7 are increased by 24.6 and 22.1 °C, respectively. The thermal stability, energy release efficiency, and combustion of the microfluidic recrystallization method prepared FOX-7 are greatly improved. This research presents a secure, effective, and eco-friendly methodology for the preparation and manipulation of ultrafine FOX-7 crystals.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
爆炸物研究
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
OPTICAL MATERIALS
·
2022
·
IF 3.754
Shasha Feng,Jingjing Lv,Fubin Pei,Yi Wu,Qingli Hao,Zhaoyang Tong,Wu Lei,Guangyu He
A highly selective fluorescence sensor based on boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon quantum dots (BN-CDs) was firstly constructed for the determination of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). The BN-CDs fluorescent probe was prepared by a simple, green, and low-cost one-pot hydrothermal carbonization method. The BN-CDs with good dispersion had strong fluorescence property, and the particle size was about 3 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that B and N elements were successfully co-doped into CDs. Under the optimal experiment condition, BN-CDs fluorescent probe had a good linear relationship with the concentrations of FOX-7 in the range of 0–80 μM, and the limit of detection was 0.41 μM. The fluorescence of BN-CDs decreased with the increase of FOX-7 concentration, which was ascribed to inner filter effect . The fluorescent sensor has high sensitivity and good selectivity , which can be successfully applied in actual water samples with satisfactory recovery.
研究领域:
分析化学
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材料科学
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环境科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2025
·
IF 4.6
Wenqing Li,Shimin Zhang,Songchao Shi,Xin Ruan,Qian Yang,Baoyun Ye,Chongwei An,Jingyu Wang
The proportion of oxidizer in the formulation of composite solid propellants (CSPs) is often more than 50 %. It is very important to explore the preparation of new high-energy oxidizers to improve the energy performance of CSPs. Porous CL-20/FOX-7@AP composite microspheres were prepared by combining high-energy density CL-20 and high safety FOX-7 with traditional oxidant AP through microchannel recrystallization technology coupled with solvent evaporation induced self-assembly technology. The experimental results show that the morphology of porous CL-20/FOX-7@AP composite microspheres is regular, and AP is uniformly attached to the surface of porous CL-20/FOX-7 composite microspheres. Compared with CL-20/FOX-7 composite microspheres, the oxygen balance of CL-20/FOX-7@AP increased from −14.12 % to −8.47 %, and the minimum impact excitation energy of CL-20/FOX-7@AP-1 and CL-20/FOX-7@AP-2 increased by 2.25 J and 3.25 J, respectively. When CL-20/FOX-7@AP-1 and CL-20/FOX-7@ AP-2 were used as new oxidants to replace 10 % AP in CSPs formula, the burning rate increased by 21.52 % and 27.85 % respectively, and the pressurization rate increased by 69.79 % and 75.44 % respectively. CL-20/FOX-7@AP composite microspheres with a porous synergistic core-shell structure are expected to be used as novel high-energy oxidants in CSPs to improve the energy density and energy release efficiency of CSPs.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
推进剂技术
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2020
·Vol. 10
·期 3
·1769-1775
·
IF 3.119
Wenzhe Ma,Yanjing Yang,Fengqi Zhao,Kangzhen Xu,Jiankan Zhang,Ming Zhang,Zhicun Feng
The development of novel combustion catalysts is critical for improving combustion performance of high-energy solid propellants. In this work, a nickel-based Schiff base complex, N,N′-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamino nickel [Ni(Salen)], as a candidate for the combustion catalyst of solid propellants, was synthesized with high purity. The effects of Ni(Salen) on the thermal decomposition reaction of FOX-7, which is closely related to its combustion properties in propellants, were systematically investigated and the corresponding mechanisms were also evaluated through comparison and analysis. Under the action of Ni(Salen), peak temperatures of the two decomposition processes of FOX-7 were reduced from 235.7 and 296.3 °C to 233.7 and 268.7 °C, respectively. The investigations into the mechanisms revealed the interactions between the Schiff base skeleton in Ni(Salen) and FOX-7, which promotes the decomposition of the remaining FOX-7. In addition, it was found that NiO, which was a decomposition product of Ni(Salen), also played an important role in promoting the thermal decomposition of FOX-7.
研究领域:
化学
·
材料科学
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA PART A-MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY
·
2020
·
IF 3.232
Shasha Feng,Jingjing Lv,Fubin Pei,Xuchu Lv,Yi Wu,Qingli Hao,Yuehua Zhang,Zhaoyang Tong,Wu Lei
A novel method for turn-off sensing 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) in aqueous medium was first proposed based on the inner filter effect (IFE) of FOX-7 on the fluorescence of molybdenum disulfide quantum dots (MoS 2 QDs). Water-soluble MoS 2 QDs as the fluorophore were prepared by the simple hydrothermal method . The morphology, structure, composition and optical properties of the prepared MoS 2 QDs were characterized by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra. The results showed that the MoS 2 QDs had good water dispersibility and emitted strong photoluminescence with a particle size of 2 nm. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the fluorescence signal of MoS 2 QDs was quenched in the concentrations range of FOX-7 (0.5–100 μM) and the limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor was 0.19 μM. The method had been applied to analyze the real water samples with good selectivity and stability. Moreover, the quenching mechanism was studied systematically by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), UV–vis absorption spectra, fluorescence lifetime , and Stern-Volmer equation, which had been proved to be static quenching. The fluorescence quenching mechanism is mainly IFE and electron transfer.
研究领域:
分析化学
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材料科学
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环境科学
✓ 已验证
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF LUMINESCENCE
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2021
·
IF 3.599
Cheng Zhang,Xihao Pan,Hanyu Deng,Siyao Cheng,Aming Xie,Wei Dong
The frequent use of explosives puts enormous pressure on the environment and poses a potential threat to human health. Fluorescent probes , which can detect explosives quickly and accurately, have attracted increasing attention of researchers, but there are few reports about the detection of various novel explosives. In this work, a novel probe CST was synthesized through Cholesterol succinate and tetraphenylethylene derivative. Fluorescence spectra showed that CST had a typical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect in THF/H 2 O solution, and explosive FOX-7 could effectively quench this fluorescence without being affected by other explosives or ions, with the quenching constant of 0.799 × 10 5 M −1 . The filter paper and cotton rods prepared with the probe could detect FOX-7 specifically, which also provided the possibility for practical application on the battlefield.
研究领域:
化学
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材料科学
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环境科学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS
·
2021
·
IF 3.995
Chao Chen,Haijian Li,Zhao Qin,Changjian Wang,Yi Xu,Zhihua Sun,Siyu Xu,Jianhua Yi,Fengqi Zhao
Hexanitro complex K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] was prepared via the co-precipitation method, and its composition and morphology were characterized by XRD , SEM , XPS and FT-IR techniques. The catalytic performances of K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] for CL-20, FOX-7 and TKX-50 thermolysis were also discussed and studied by using DSC and TG-DTG-MS. After K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] were mixed with CL-20, the activation energy ( E a ) of thermolysis reaction was increased, while the heat release was greatly improved, and the transformation from NH 3 to NO occurred. It is attributed to that the decomposition products of K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] have strong effects on the oxidation of the radicals and the electrons transfer . Besides, the thermolysis E a of FOX-7 by addition of the K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] was increased by 81.03 kJ mol −1 , and the heat release was greatly increased. In addition to that the two-step separate thermolysis processes of pure FOX-7 was almost replaced by a one-step exothermic reaction for the FOX-7/K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] mixture, which was due to that Ni 2+ cations could effectively increase the activity of amino groups in the FOX-7 thermolysis process. Finally, K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] scarcely has the thermolysis catalytic activity of TKX-50 owing to the influence of metal cations on the decomposition of the hydroxylamine . Furtherly, the characteristics of ignition and flame propagation on the three energetic mixtures were strongly correlated to their thermolysis pathway and mechanism. The comparative study on the effects of K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ] to the CL-20, FOX-7 and TKX-50 thermolysis and ignition showed that the hexanitro complex has great significance on promoting the heat release efficiency of solid propellants for future study.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学动力学
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含能材料
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催化化学
·
热分析
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DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2024
·
IF 13.3
Wenqing Li,Shimin Zhang,Songchao Shi,Xiaoying Cheng,Chongwei An,Jingyu Wang,Baoyun Ye
Realizing the balance between high energy density and multifunctionality of energetic materials is a hot spot in current research, and its study is of great significance for the application of energetic materials. Regulating microstructure is widely recognized as an effective strategy for solving such problems. In this paper, four different microstructures of Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(CL-20)/1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene(FOX-7) composite microspheres, namely, hollow, porous irregular microspheres, porous microspheres, and layered porous microspheres, were prepared by microchannel recrystallization technology. The effects of crystal precipitation rate, binder mechanical properties, and purity of water phase on the microstructure of composite microspheres were systematically investigated. The four prepared samples were spherical particles with regular morphology and uniform particle size. The angle of repose and mechanical sensitivity tests showed that the CL-20/FOX-7 composite microspheres had good dispersibility and mechanical sensitivity. Ignition experiments show that hollow microspheres have the best energy release efficiency, while porous microspheres have higher energy density and more stable energy release efficiency. The results show that the combustion performance and safety of the composite microspheres can be effectively enhanced by adjusting the microstructure. Microchannel recrystallization technology can realize the controllable preparation of the microstructure of composite microspheres, which provides a reference for the design and preparation of other composite microspheres.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
能源化学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A
·
2020
·
IF 2.6
Ming Zhang,Fengqi Zhao,Ting An,Yanjing Yang,Hui Li,Qing Pan,Xiaohong Wang,Zhoufeng Jiang
Thermal decomposition performance of the insensitive energetic compound 1,1-diamino-2,2-dintroethene (FOX-7) is essential for its application in the field of solid propellants. This study seeks to reveal the catalytic effects of reduced graphene oxide–bimetallic oxide nanocomposites (rGO–MFe2O4, M = Ni, Co, and Zn) on the thermal decomposition, kinetic parameters, and pyrolysis mechanism of energetic FOX-7. The results showed that the catalytic activities of the bimetallic iron oxide (NiFe2O4, CoFe2O4, and ZnFe2O4) increased obviously after anchoring on the surface of graphene. Particularly, the rGO–NiFe2O4 nanocomposite possessed the best catalytic activity for FOX-7 thermal decomposition. The high thermal decomposition peak temperature (THDP) and the apparent activation energy (Ea) of FOX-7 were decreased by 57.4 °C and 54.27 kJ mol–1 after mixing with the rGO–NiFe2O4 nanocomposite. The excellent catalytic activity of rGO–NiFe2O4 can be attributed to the synergistic interaction between rGO and NiFe2O4, which is beneficial for the reduction of activation energy and a high thermal decomposition peak temperature of FOX-7. This study is helpful for the rational design of a solid propellant containing FOX-7 and to understand the thermal decomposition kinetics and mechanism of FOX-7.
研究领域:
材料化学
·
含能材料科学
·
热力学与动力学
·
纳米复合材料
·
推进剂化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
Energetic Materials Frontiers
·
2025
·
IF 3.9
Jiao Chen,Min-xue Zhang,Zhi Geng,Chong-wei An
To screen green solvents suitable for the recrystallization of FOX-7, this study combined the conductor-like screening model for real solvents (COSMO-RS) theory with experimental methods to identify applicable natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The structural correlations of their dissolution performance were analyzed based on quantum chemical parameters, including σ-profiles, electrostatic potential maps, and dipole moments. The selected NADES were then prepared and characterized in terms of their structure and thermal stability, and their feasibility as recrystallization solvents for FOX-7 was further evaluated. The results showed that the screened NADES met the requirements for FOX-7 recrystallization, with betaine–lactic acid (1:2) and choline chloride–urea (1:2) exhibiting FOX-7 solubilities of 0.11 g mL −1 and 0.073 g mL −1 at 76 °C and 78 °C, respectively. Hydrogen bond acceptors in high-solubility NADES generally featured larger σ-profile dual-peak spacing and dipole moments exceeding 10 Debye, with the systems mainly forming stable molecular clusters through hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the design of NADES and the development of green crystallization systems for energetic materials.
研究领域:
绿色化学
·
含能材料
·
溶剂筛选
·
计算化学
·
晶体工程
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
POWDER TECHNOLOGY
·
2026
·
IF 5.5
Jiao Chen,Chunyan Li,Yajing Lu,Chong-wei An
Two NADES were used as green recrystallization media for FOX-7 morphology control. • Solute loading is a major factor in reducing aspect ratio. • DES2 shows more weak interaction sites and stronger adsorption with FOX-7. • The mechanical sensitivity of the recrystallized samples is reduced. To overcome the safety and environmental limitations of conventional recrystallization solvents, two natural deep eutectic solvents (DES1 and DES2) were employed for the green recrystallization of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7) to tune its crystal morphology. Key parameters, including the initial solution concentration, antisolvent volume, cooling rate, and stirring rate, were optimized via orthogonal experimental design. IGMH and interaction energy analyses revealed that DES2 had more weak interaction sites with FOX-7 (four vs. three) and stronger interactions than DES1, thereby inducing the formation of a highly rough surface morphology. The resulting products, S-DES1 and S-DES2, both retained the pristine crystal phase. In terms of mechanical sensitivity, the friction load increased from 228 N to 300 N and 336 N for S-DES1 and S-DES2, respectively, while the impact energy increased from 13 J to 34 J only for S-DES2, with no significant change for S-DES1. The compressive resistance (compaction stress of the pressed pellets) reached 5.2 MPa and 5.6 MPa, respectively. The 5 s delay explosion temperature increased from 581 K to 586 K and 597 K, indicating a marked decrease in thermal sensitivity. S-DES2 exhibited the most pronounced enhancement in all three performance metrics. In summary, the orthogonal optimization strategy effectively drove the morphological evolution of FOX-7 toward a lower aspect ratio, and IGMH and interaction energy calculations provided direct evidence for solvent–solute interactions. The two natural deep eutectic solvent systems combine feasibility and environmental friendliness, offering a new pathway for the green crystallization processing of energetic materials. Download: Download high-res image (188KB) Download: Download full-size image
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DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2025
·Vol. 51
·期 2
·170-181
·
IF 2
Kai Yin,Wenyu Wu,Xiaoyan Chen,Wenjie Liu,Xiaodong Li
Modifying the microforms of energetic materials can greatly improve their safety performance and energy release efficiency. This study spherical RDX/FOX-7 composite crystals with high energy density and low sensitivity were created using an independently constructed modular microreaction system combined with solvent-nonsolvent and crystallization technology. The effects of four distinct solution concentrations on the morphology and particle size distribution of RDX/FOX-7 composite crystals were investigated, and the formation mechanism of the composite crystals was analyzed. Meanwhile, the crystal structure, molecular structure, and thermal properties of RDX/FOX-7 composite crystals were characterized, and the mechanical sensitivity and combustion performance of the composite samples at the optimal concentration were tested. The results show that when the solution concentration is 0.35 g/mL, spherical-like composite crystals with an average particle size of 1.83 µm and uniform particle size distribution can be obtained. The thermal performance analysis indicates that the average activation energy of thermal decomposition of the composite crystals at this concentration has increased to 232.31 kJ⋅mol −1 , which is 48.84 kJ⋅mol −1 higher than that of the raw RDX. The mechanical sensitivity test shows that the composite crystals' impact force and friction load are 17.5 J and 288 N, respectively, 94% and 125% higher than raw RDX. Meanwhile, the combustion performance test confirmed that the RDX/FOX-7 composite crystals can release energy efficiently during combustion and have better stability. Its overall performance is better than that of the raw materials. This study provides important theoretical support for designing and preparing new energetic materials.
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）