PLANTA
·
2013
·Vol. 238
·期 4
·727-737
·
IF 3.347
Jiao Jiao,Zhou Benguo,Zhu Xiaoping,Gao Zhengliang,Liang Yuancun
Fusaric acid (FA) is a nonhost-selective toxin mainly produced by Fusarium oxysporum , the causal agent of plant wilt diseases. We demonstrate that FA can induce programmed cell death (PCD) in tobacco suspension cells and the FA-induced PCD is modulated by nitric oxide (NO) signalling. Cells undergoing cell death induced by FA treatment exhibited typical characteristics of PCD including cytoplasmic shrinkage, chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, membrane plasmolysis, and formation of small cytoplasmic vacuoles. In addition, caspase-3-like activity was activated upon the FA treatment. The process of FA-induced PCD was accompanied by a rapid accumulation of NO in a FA dose-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of cells with NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (cPTIO) or NO synthase inhibitor N
G -monomethyl-arginine monoacetate (L-NMMA) significantly reduced the rate of FA-induced cell death. Furthermore, the caspase-3-like activity and the expression of PAL and Hsr203J genes were alleviated by application of cPTIO or L-NMMA to FA-treated tobacco cells. This indicates that NO is an important factor involved in the FA-induced PCD. Our results also show that pre-treatment of tobacco cells with a caspase-3-specific inhibitor, Ac-DEVD-CHO, can reduce the rate of FA-induced cell death. These results demonstrate that the FA-induced cell death is a PCD and is modulated by NO signalling through caspase-3-like activation.
研究领域:
植物学
·
分子生物学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Journal of Fungi
·
2025
·Vol. 11
·期 7
·542
·
IF 4
Linhua Cao,Xiaoteng Shi,Tuo Li,Yang Liu,Tuokai Wang,Bozheng Lin,Dongyang Liu,Qirong Shen
Fusaric acid (FSA) is a mycotoxin produced by pathogenicFusariumspecies that inhibits the growth of various beneficial microbes. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms by whichTrichoderma harzianumNJAU4742 (Th), a beneficial fungus, responds to FSA-induced stress. Here, by combining a transcriptome analysis, a gene knockout, and physiological data measurements, our study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the response ofTrichoderma harzianumNJAU4742 (Th) to FSA stress. The results showed that FSA can induce severe oxidative stress inTh, and an aldehyde dehydrogenase (Thaldh3) inThplays a critical role in alleviating FSA stress. DeletingThaldh3significantly decreased the γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) content, causing more severe oxidative damage inTh. Furthermore, we also provide evidence demonstrating thatThaldh3alleviates FSA stress by enhancing the activities of key enzymes involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and ATP content. A pot experiment showed that an enhanced tolerance to FSA increased theThbiomass, strengthening its antagonistic capacity against pathogens and reducing the disease index in tomatoes. In conclusion, these observations provide new insight into the role of beneficial microbes in promoting plant health.
研究领域:
微生物学
·
植物病理学
·
生物化学与分子生物学
·
环境微生物学
·
农业科学
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
Plant Stress
·
2025
·
IF 6.9
Xiaoqing Wang,Zhuoying Ding,Yu Gao,Huapeng Sun,Muhammad Mubashar Zafar,Xuefei Jiang,Fei Qiao,Muhammad Shahzaib
Watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus ), a key global crop in the Cucurbitaceae family, is significantly impacted by wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum . This study used suspension-cultured watermelon cells to examine the physiological and molecular effects of fusaric acid (FA), a major phytotoxin produced by the pathogen, at final concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 300 μM. The 100 μM FA treatment, used for most assays, reduced fresh cell weight by ∼52 %, decreased packed cell volume by ∼70 %, and more than doubled malondialdehyde (MDA) content, indicating severe lipid peroxidation. Antioxidant enzyme activities showed differential responses: superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity declined significantly at both 2 h and 24 h, peroxidase (POD) remained largely unchanged, and catalase (CAT) showed no significant variation. FA exposure also caused a progressive increase in extracellular pH and conductivity, reflecting loss of membrane integrity. Pretreatment with exogenous plant hormones (IAA, MeJA, ABA, SA; 100 μM each for 12 h) mitigated several FA-induced effects, with SA showing the greatest recovery in fresh weight and most pronounced reduction of POD activity. Transcriptome profiling revealed thousands of FA-responsive genes within 2–24 h, and inhibition of DNA methylation with 5-azacytidine altered the expression of multiple hormone-related genes. These results demonstrate that FA rapidly impairs growth, membrane stability, and antioxidant defense in watermelon cells, and that targeted hormonal and epigenetic interventions can partially counteract these effects. The findings provide a mechanistic basis for developing priming strategies to enhance watermelon resistance to Fusarium wilt.
研究领域:
植物病理学
·
分子生物学
·
植物生理学
·
生物化学
·
基因组学
·
表观遗传学
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
·
2026
·
IF 4.2
XiGuang Wang,XinYi Huang,YanJun Li,ShengHe Ye,GuoLiang Wu,JingYa Yuan,MingWei Gao,JiaYing Liu,LiYan Song,QingWei Tan,QiJian Chen,JiangTao Gao,BinBin Huang
BACKGROUND Fusaric acid (FA), a non-host-selective toxin with antifungal and insecticidal activities, has attracted attention as a promising lead structure for developing novel agrofungicides. This study aimed to design and synthesize FA derivatives with improved antifungal activity and reduced phytotoxicity, and to investigate their antifungal mechanism and structure–activity relationships. RESULTS A series of FA derivatives were synthesized and evaluated against six major plant pathogenic fungi, including Magnaporthe oryzae . Several derivatives showed enhanced antifungal activity compared with the previously identified scaffold H52 , and 10 compounds completely inhibited M. oryzae at 100 μg mL −1 under in vitro conditions. The most active derivatives exhibited half-maximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) values of 6.09–9.84 μg mL −1 . Phytotoxicity assays showed that compounds A6 , A10 , A12 , B4 , B6 , and B7 had safety profiles comparable to the commercial fungicide azoxystrobin. Compound B4 further demonstrated concentration-dependent protective activity against rice blast under pot conditions, reducing the disease index from approximately 66.7 in the untreated control to about 14.8 at the highest tested concentration. Mechanistic studies revealed severe hyphal deformation, cell wall disruption, intracellular leakage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation following B4 treatment. A comparative molecular field analysis-based three-dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model exhibited strong predictive performance ( q 2 = 0.69, r 2 = 0.992), indicating reliable structure–activity relationships. Contour map analysis suggested that bulky substituents near the core ring and electron-withdrawing groups in specific regions significantly enhance antifungal activity. CONCLUSION FA derivatives can be rationally optimized to improve antifungal activity, reduce phytotoxicity, and be effective in planta disease control, providing promising candidates and design strategies for next-generation agrofungicides. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.
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DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
PLANT PATHOLOGY
·
2015
·Vol. 64
·期 5
·1041-1052
·
IF 2.121
W. Raza,J. Yuan,Y. C. Wu,F. U. Rajer,Q. Huang,S. Qirong
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the phytotoxin fusaric acid (FA) on the biocontrol traits of two biocontrol strains Paenibacillus polymyxa WR-2 and SQR-21. The results showed that the growth of both WR-2 and SQR-21 decreased with increasing FA concentration, and at 70 and 80 μ g mL −1 FA, respectively, the strains were unable to grow. The biocontrol traits of both strains were negatively affected by FA concentration higher than 2·5 μ g mL −1 . However, at 2·5 μ g mL −1 FA, biofilm formation and root colonization were not affected and there was even a positive effect on the production of spores and hydrolytic enzymes (protease and β -l,3-glucanase). The production of fusaricidin-type antifungal compounds was increased with an increase in FA concentration up to 50 and 60 μ g mL −1 for WR-2 and SQR-21, respectively. The production of antifungal volatile organic compounds by WR-2 and SQR-21 was increased only at 2·5 μ g mL −1 FA. The effect of FA on the overall metabolic activity of WR-2 and SQR-21 was also determined. This study will help to understand the response of P. polymyxa strains to FA and will help to improve their biocontrol efficiency.
研究领域:
微生物学
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植物病理学
·
农学
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DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）