Ten novel xanthones, garpedunxanthones A−G ( 1 − 5 , 6a / 6b , 7a / 7b ) and nujiangxanthone Q ( 8 ), along with sixteen known analogs ( 9 − 24 ), were isolated from Garcinia pedunculata and G. nujiangensis . Their structures were elucidated through high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) data, comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. All compounds without cytotoxicity were assessed for anti-inflammatory properties by measuring the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells. Structure-activity relationships are also discussed. Compounds 7b , 19 , and 21 exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity with IC 50 values of 16.44 ± 0.69, 14.28 ± 0.78, and 10.67 ± 3.28 μmol·L −1 , respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated that compounds 7b , 19 , and 21 inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of compound 21 on IL-6 at 20 μmol·L −1 was comparable to that of the positive control. In network pharmacology studies, potential targets of compounds and inflammation were identified from PharmMapper and GeneCards databases. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed that the overlapped targets were intricately associated with major pathogenic processes linked to inflammation, including positive regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, protein kinase activity, NO synthase regulator activity, MAPK signaling pathway, and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance.
Plants of the Garcinia genus were rich in structurally diverse and naturally bioactive components, while limited studies have been reported for Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. and G. nujiangensis C. Y. Wu & Y. H. Li. Four previously undescribed compounds including three chromones , garpedunchromones A-C ( 1 – 3 ), and one biflavonoid , nujiangbiflavone A ( 14 ), along with fifteen known analogs ( 4 – 13 , 15 – 19 ) were isolated from G. pedunculata and G. nujiangensis . The structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on their HRESIMS data, extensive NMR spectroscopic analyses , and ECD calculations. The chromone derivatives were isolated from Garcinia for the first time. Compound 14 was a rare biflavonoid with C-3─C-6″ linkage. The biological evaluation of these isolates against NO production was conducted in the LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells, resulting in the identification of a series of potent NO inhibitors, of which garpedunchromone B ( 2 ) was the most active with an IC 50 value of 18.11 ± 0.96 μM. In the network pharmacology studies, the potential targets of compounds and inflammation were obtained from PharmMapper and GeneCards database. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that the overlapped targets were closely related to the major pathogenic processes linked to inflammation. Garpedunchromone B and proteins binding sites were being predicted.
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