Polymers
·
2024
·Vol. 16
·期 11
·1566
·
IF 4.7
Fengdan Zhu,Chang Liu,Desheng Yang,Guoping Li
The application of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) as an oxidizer in solid propellants aligns with the pursuit of high-energy materials. However, the phase transformation behavior and high impact sensitivity of HNIW are its limitations. Due to the strong adhesion and mild synthesis conditions, polydopamine (PDA) has been employed to modify HNIW. However, the method suffers from a slow coating process and a non-ideal coating effect under short reaction time. Herein, oxygen-accelerated dopamine in situ polymerization coating method was developed. It was found that oxygen not only reduced the coating time but also contributed to forming a dense and uniform PDA layer. HNIW@PDA coated in oxygen for 6 h exhibited the most favorable performance, with a delay of 20.8 °C in the phase transition temperature and a reduction of 145.45% in the impact sensitivity. The -OH groups on the surface of PDA enhanced the interaction between HNIW and polymer binders, resulting in a 20.36% reduction in the dewetting percentage. The lower content of PDA in HNIW@PDA (1.17%) resulted in minimal variation in the heat of explosion for HNIW@PDA-based HTPB propellant (6287 kJ/kg) in comparison to HNIW-based HTPB propellant (6297 kJ/kg). Hence, HNIW@PDA-based propellants are expected to offer an alternative with promising safety and mechanical performance compared to existing HNIW-based propellants, thus facilitating the application of HNIW in high-energy propellants. This work presents a low-cost method for efficiently inhibiting the phase transformation of polycrystalline explosives and reducing the impact sensitivity. It also offers a potential approach to enhance the interfacial interaction between nitro-containing explosives and polymer binders.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
能源与燃料
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产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH
·
2021
·
IF 1.797
Qi Pan,Honglei Zhang,Xueyong Guo,Wanjun Zhao,Xuekun Fan
In this study, the effects of dopamine, binder and plasticizer on the crystal transformation of β-HNIW were investigated. By a simple preparation method, dopamine, plasticizer and binder were coated on the surface of β-HNIW. The characterization results of SEM , DSC and XRD show that the four dopamine polymers, three binders and four plasticizers form a stable polymer film on the surface of β-HNIW crystal. The crystal transformation temperature of β-HNIW crystal coated with dopamine polymer is delayed to varying degrees, and the crystal transformation temperature is significantly improved about 40 °C. Dopamine polymers effectively inhibit the crystal transformation of β-HNIW, improving the thermal safety of β-HNIW. The three binders have inhibitory effect on the crystal transformation of β-HNIW, and four plasticizers promote the crystal transformation of β-HNIW. Dopamine and binder have an inhibitory effect on the β-HNIW crystal transformation, while the plasticizer has a promoting effect on the β-HNIW crystal transformation.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CRYSTENGCOMM
·
2021
·Vol. 23
·期 44
·7750-7759
·
IF 3.545
Shujie Liu,Bidong Wu,Zhimin Li,Chongwei An,Jingyu Wang
Insensitive energetic materials are still a great challenge for potential applications. In order to study the performance of (3,3′-diamino-4,4′-azoxyfurazan/2,4,6,8,10,12-hexa-nitrohexaazaisowurtzitane, often referred to as CL-20) DAAF/HNIW, DAAF/HNIW, composite crystals with rod-like structure, spheroid-like structure and microsphere shape are prepared by a recrystallization method, self-assembly and microfluidics technology, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques were utilized to characterize the morphology and structure of DAAF/HNIW particles. Results of PXRD and FTIR spectroscopy of microspheres DAAF/HNIW indicated that the structure in the prepared products did not change compared with that of raw DAAF. The impact sensitivity of microspheres DAAF/HNIW could be reduced obviously than that in rod-like and spheroid-like DAAF/HNIW. The microspheres DAAF/HNIW prepared by the microfluidics technology provides an efficient route for the desensitization of energetic explosives and revealed an idea for the fabrication and application of the insensitive energetic explosive DAAF/HNIW.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
·
爆炸物研究
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产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE
·
2025
·
IF 4.3
Xiaomin Song,Donghan Jia,Shanhu Sun,Xiaoyu Sun,Haobin Zhang,Shiliang Huang,Huiyang Gou,Jie Sun,Jinjiang Xu
Supramolecular assembly has emerged as a promising strategy to drive the development of high-performance energetic materials (HEDMs). In this study, we reported the fabrication of novel HNIW/N 2 host–guest explosives using DAC combined with pressure–temperature (P-T) strategy. The molecular composition and crystal structure were analyzed through Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron radiation XRD and DFT calculations. High-pressure Raman spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations confirmed the stabilizing effect of nitrogen on structural stability of explosive crystals. Remarkably, HNIW/N 2 exhibited superior detonation performance (D V = 9646 m/s, P = 43.4 GPa), and the formation mechanism of host–guest explosives was illustrated from the perspective of crystal stacking. The newly constructed HNIW/N 2 host–guest explosives realized the green and safe incorporation of nitrogen, as well as enhanced the structural stability and detonation performance for explosive crystals. The study can offer valuable insights into the design of advanced energetic materials and underscore the potential of supramolecular assemblies in this field.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
COLLOIDS AND SURFACES A-PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING ASPECTS
·
2024
·
IF 4.9
Fengdan Zhu,Chang Liu,Desheng Yang,Chaofei Bai,Xinlong Zeng,Ziteng Niu,Guoping Li,Yunjun Luo
Nitro complexes (NCs) have been selected as combustion catalysts for propellants due to their synergistic behavior. However, NCs prepared by traditional methods suffer from poor dispersion and irregular shape, which limit their catalytic potential. Hence, a polymer-assisted anti-solvent crystallization (PAASC) strategy was developed to fabricate potassium barium hexanitronickelate (K 2 Ba[Ni(NO 2 ) 6 ], PBHNN) crystals. In this method, emulsion particles created by mixing the solvent with the poor solvent serve as spherical templates. The particle size and monodispersity of PBHNN are controlled by PVP content. With 0.042 mol/L PVP, PBHNN were monodisperse with a particle size of 1.05±0.03 μm, which showed the best catalytic behavior for increasing the exothermic amount of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) by 100.6 %. The high catalytic performance is due to the large specific surface area and improved contact efficiency. The in-situ TG-FTIR-MS test revealed that the procedure of PBHNN enhanced the pyrolysis of HNIW. The N-NO 2 bonds of HNIW are weakened by the strong attraction of metal oxides to electrons, which accelerates the formation of NO 2 . Consequently, increased NO 2 promotes subsequent oxidation reactions and improves the pyrolysis efficiency of individual HNIW. Therefore, the PAASC method is crucial for the fabrication of spherical monodisperse NCs with uniform particle size and high catalytic activity.
研究领域:
材料科学
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化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ORGANIC PROCESS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
·
2014
·
IF 2.549
Kai Dong,Cheng H. Sun,Jian W. Song,Gai X. Wei,Si P. Pang
Synthesis of 2,6,8,12-tetraacetyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (TAIW) by catalytic hydrogenolysis of 2,6,8,12-tetraacetyl-4,10-dibenzyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (TADBIW), a key step for the synthesis of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), has been first implemented under continuous flow conditions using the commercially available H-Cube Pro reactor. Several variables (i.e., reaction temperature, flow rate, and pressure) and the stability of the system have been investigated to optimize the operating conditions. The results show that a continuous flow system provides a better yield than a batch system. For instance, the yield is 99% at the optimized conditions, while the best yield from batch reactions is 92%. Continuous flow synthesis of TAIW has potential applications in improving the production technologies of HNIW for its many advantages over batch reactions.
研究领域:
化学合成
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材料科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
ORGANIC PROCESS RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
·
2016
·
IF 2.922
Yiying Zhang,Dongxiang Zhang,Kai Dong,Penghao Lv,Siping Pang,Chenghui Sun
The kinetics of the nitration reaction of 2,6,8,12-tetraacetyl-4,10-dinitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (TADN) in HNO3–H2SO4 nitrating agent has been studied. The reaction network of the nitration reaction is constructed according to analysis of the experimental results. A kinetics model is introduced and the kinetics parameters are estimated by data fitting. Statistical analysis verifies that the kinetics model is in good agreement with the experimental data. Therefore, the reaction kinetics model can be applied to process analysis and scale-up of nitration of TADN to 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW).
研究领域:
化学动力学
·
有机化学
✓ 已验证
DOI
高影响因子
PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS
·
2023
·Vol. 48
·期 5
·e202200255
·
IF 1.8
Sen Sun,Xueyong Guo,Qi Pan,Honglei Zhang,Wanjun Zhao,Chengcheng Wu,Shengwei Li
In order to avoid the crystal transformation of ϵ-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (ϵ-HNIW) dissolved in plasticizers, a suitable bonding agent was selected to inhibit the crystal transformation of ϵ-HNIW. Interfacial interaction simulations were carried out using Materials Studio2017 software for selected neutral polymer bonding agent (NPBA), polyene polyamine bonding agent (LBA) and polydopamine (PDA) and ϵ-HNIW. Results showed that the interaction order of the three polymers on the ϵ-HNIW crystal surface is PDA>NPBA> LBA; ϵ-HNIW@ PDA crystal phase was more stable. Therefore, ϵ-HNIW@ PDA crystal particles were constructed by the in-situ self-polymerization coating technology. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the ϵ-HNIW@ PDA was square with smooth surface. The thermal properties of ϵ-HNIW@ PDA were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which showed that the coating of PDA effectively increased the transition temperature of ϵ-HNIW crystal. Moreover, the solubility and crystal transformation mechanism and law of ϵ-HNIW/ϵ-HNIW@ PDA in four plasticizers were further studied and compared systematically, ϵ-HNIW@ PDA showed significantly lower solubility compared with ϵ-HNIW. The solubility size was ranking as isodecyl nonanoate (IDP)>dioctyl sebacate (DOS)>dioctyl adipate (DOA)>paraffin liquid (RH). Variable-temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests showed that PDA increased the ϵ-HNIW crystal transformation temperature by about 35 °C. The small amount of dissolution of ϵ-HNIW by the four plasticizers had a facilitative effect on the ϵ-HNIW crystal transformation, which was consistent with the solubility magnitude. These results indicated that PDA-coated ϵ-HNIW enhances crystal interfacial interaction, reduces the solubility in plasticizers, and has a significant inhibitory effect on the dissolution-induced crystal transformation of ϵ-HNIW.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
MATERIALS LETTERS
·
2023
·
IF 3
Ying Li,Meiqi Liu,Bindong Li
TP has similar advantages to dopamine and can form hydrogen bonds with energetic materials, enhancing interfacial interactions and achieving desensitization. In this study, RDX@TP and HNIW@TP were successfully prepared using TP as desensitized shells. The results indicated that the thermal decomposition temperature of RDX@TP and HNIW@TP increased by 4.4℃ and 11℃ respectively. Moreover, the impact sensitivity of RDX@TP and HNIW@TP decreased by 1.63 times and 2 times respectively. These findings demonstrate the successful application of TP as desensitized shells in energetic materials.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
生物学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
Reaction Chemistry & Engineering
·
2020
·Vol. 5
·期 6
·1093-1103
·
IF 3.441
Jinyu Shi,Peng Zhu,Shuangfei Zhao,Ruiqi Shen,Huanming Xia,Hanyu Jiang,Siyu Xu
The crystal morphology of explosives has a great influence on their detonation performance and safety. In order to realize the crystal morphology control of explosives, a new strategy based on microfluidics was proposed. The new strategy consisting of morphology predictions and microfluidic verification experiments has the characteristics of excellent accuracy, less sample consumption, and fast verification. The shapes and sizes of explosives were predicted by simulations and theoretical analysis with different solvents, respectively. Considering an ideal crystallization environment for verification experiments, the parameters of the microfluidic platform were optimized. Under the optimal parameters, the verification experiments were conducted using a microfluidic platform. Here, we used hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW, also known as CL-20) as a sample to study the applicability of the new strategy for crystal morphology control of explosives. The optimized flow rate ratio and number of chambers were adapted to the verification experiments. It was found that the thicknesses of HNIW have positive correlation with the polarities of the solvents and the sizes have negative correlation with the concentrations, which is in line with predictions. This study demonstrates the feasibility of an efficient, accurate strategy to realize the crystal morphology control of explosives based on a microfluidic platform.
研究领域:
化学工程
·
材料科学
·
爆炸物研究
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
COMPOSITES COMMUNICATIONS
·
2019
·
IF 0
Shijie Zhang,Kaichang Kou,Jiaoqiang Zhang,Qian Jia,Yunlong Xu
To improve the safety of nitramine explosives, two compact urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin coating micro-composites were fabricated via poly-condensation of urea and formaldehyde on the surfaces of octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) and 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexazisowurtzitane (HNIW) in this study. The two core-shell composites were characterized by several methods and their sensitivities were also studied. The results indicated that the UF resins were compactly coated on the surfaces of HMX and HNIW crystals with low contents, and the UF resin coating can stabilize the polymorphs and change the thermal properties of energetic crystals remarkably. In addition, the impact sensitivity of core-shell energetic composites reduced significantly comparing with pure explosives and corresponding explosive coated by other amino-resins, attributing to the buffering effect and better flexibility of UF resin.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
爆炸物安全
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2025
·
IF 13.2
Xiaomin Song,Longjin Huang,Yongjie Li,Huiqin Tang,Zhiqiang Wang,Haobin Zhang,Xu Zhou,Jie Li,Shiliang Huang,Jie Sun,Jinjiang Xu
The pursuit of high energy density materials (HEDMs) with intrinsic safety has long been hindered by the energy-safety trade-off. This study proposed a hierarchical structure strategy integrating lattice stabilization and surface energy dissipation to address this challenge in HNIW. Embedding N 2 O molecules within the explosive lattice by hydrogen bonding effectively improved the oxygen balance of HNIW, resulting in the construction of HNIW/N 2 O host-guest explosives. Concurrently, polyethyleneimine (PEI) and polypyrrole (PPy) were employed for surface coating to further enhance the safety performance of explosives. The lattice-surface modifications synergistically achieved prominent mechanical stimulus buffering (IS>20 J, FS > 140 N) and enhanced phase stability (203 °C). Benefiting from the hierarchical structure, the HNIW/N 2 O@PEI and HNIW/N 2 O@PPy composites exhibited superior comprehensive characteristics including remarkable energy performance, improved safety and combustion properties. The lattice-surface optimization surpassed traditional single-scale modifications in balancing explosive energy and safety, yielding unprecedented performance integration. The work can present a scalable approach for developing next-generation energetic materials, providing valuable design insights for multifunctional material engineering.
研究领域:
含能材料
·
材料科学
·
炸药工程
·
化学工程
·
纳米技术
·
应用化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）