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Arabidopsis HOPS subunit VPS41 carries out plant-specific roles in vacuolar transport and vegetative growth

Jiang Dong,He Yilin,Zhou Xiangui,Cao Zhiran,Pang Lei,Zhong Sheng,Jiang Liwen,Li Ruixi

The homotypic fusion and protein sorting (HOPS) complex is a conserved, multi-subunit tethering complex in eukaryotic cells. In yeast and mammalian cells, the HOPS subunit vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 41 (VPS41) is recruited to late endosomes after Ras-related protein 7 (Rab7) activation and is essential for vacuole fusion. However, whether VPS41 plays conserved roles in plants is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that in the model plant Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), VPS41 localizes to distinct condensates in root cells in addition to its reported localization at the tonoplast. The formation of condensates does not rely on the known upstream regulators but depends on VPS41 self-interaction and is essential for vegetative growth regulation. Genetic evidence indicates that VPS41 is required for both homotypic vacuole fusion and cargo sorting from the adaptor protein complex 3, Rab5, and Golgi-independent pathways but is dispensable for the Rab7 cargo inositol transporter 1. We also show that VPS41 has HOPS-independent functions in vacuolar transport. Taken together, our findings indicate that Arabidopsis VPS41 is a unique subunit of the HOPS complex that carries out plant-specific roles in both vacuolar transport and developmental regulation.

Electrocatalytic dechlorination of florfenicol using a Pd-loaded on blue TiO2 nanotube arrays cathode

Jianhui Xu,Xin Fu,Yufeng Liu,Yunfei Zhang,Shenggui Chen,Dan Li,Chunhui Zhang,Jiale Gao,Yibo Fu

Electrocatalytic hydrodechlorination technology provides an attractive strategy to effectively eliminate the biotoxicity of halogenated organic pollutants (HOPs). Herein, we demonstrated a highly dispersed Pd loaded on blue TiO 2 nanotube arrays (Pd x -BTNA) cathode that can achieve efficient dechlorination and detoxification toward florfenicol (FLO). Characterization results indicated that strong interaction between Pd and BTNA was achieved through Pd-O bonds, which facilitated the electron transfer rate. Pd x -BTNA significantly outperformed other cathodes (i.e., BTNA, Pd x -TNA and Pd x -Ti) in the electrocatalytic dechlorination of FLO due to enhanced utilization of active H*. The dechlorination performances of FLO well followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic, and the reaction constant rate on Pd x -BTNA cathode (0.035 min −1 ) was 17.5, 1.94, 7.0 times higher than that on BTNA, Pd x -TNA and Pd x -Ti cathodes, respectively. Quenching experiments and electrochemical characterization indicated that both direct electron transfer and indirect reduction process mediated by H* were involved in the dechlorination of FLO. The optimal dechlorination efficiency of 98.79% was obtained by Pd x -BTNA cathode within 120 min at 1 mM PdCl 2 , applied cathode potential of −1.2 V. In addition, Pd x -BTNA exhibited superior stability and durability with almost no Pd leaching (0.0011 mg/L) during five dechlorination cycles. Our research proposed a novel strategy to design low noble Pd-loaded cathode material for efficient dechlorination and detoxification of HOPs.

HOPS and Vps13 Have Antagonistic Roles in Regulating Lipid Droplet Morphology

Lipid droplets are dynamic organelles that store neutral lipids (mostly triacylglycerols and sterol esters) and are bound by a single phospholipid monolayer. The formation and breakdown of the droplets are important for cellular metabolism; however, the molecular mechanisms regulating their biogenesis and turnover are still obscure. In this study, we used Erg6-yeGFP as a lipid droplet marker, isolated 1100 temperature-sensitive mutants, and observed lipid droplet morphology in these mutants by fluorescence microscopy. Six mutants with abnormal lipid droplet morphology were obtained and next-generation sequencing identified responsible mutations in genes encoding subunits of HOPS complex or its binding partner Ypt7. Therefore, the genetic screen indicated that the HOPS complex plays a critical role in maintaining lipid droplet morphology. In the absence of Vps11, vacuoles were fragmented with dot-like structures and degradation of lipid droplet surface protein Erg6 (under glucose starvation condition) decreased dramatically. A genetic screen for mutations that could rescue the abnormal lipid droplet morphology inΔvps11by fluorescence microscopy identified two independent mutations invps1302. Vps1301 and Vps1302 are paralogs that function as intermembrane lipid transfer proteins. Deletion of eithervps1301orvps1302rescued the abnormal lipid droplet morphology inΔvps11as well.

Component analysis using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS and quality evaluation using fingerprinting and chemometrics for hops

Huijuan Gao,Qian Wang,Qiangli Qi,Wenjing He,Wen Li

Hops , extensively cultivated in China for their food and medicinal applications, currently lack well-defined chemical markers to evaluate variations in their quality. The study aimed to explore variations in the quality of Chinese hops by the chemical characteristics of hops, employing UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, integrated with chemical fingerprinting and chemometrics. The results indicated that Chinese hops are abundant in polyphenols and bitter acids. The integration of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, Chemical fingerprinting, and chemometrics revealed to be an accurate and effective approach for assessing the quality of Chinese hops. In this study, ten important chemical markers were found to be useful in differentiating various hop varieties. Moreover, the support vector machine showed a prediction accuracy of 92.3077% in identifying Chinese hop varieties. The strategy of the study lays the groundwork for classifying Chinese hop varieties and serves as a prerequisite for future quality control studies, particularly focusing on chemical compositions.

Effects of Green Tea Substituting Hops on Beer Fermentation Process, as well as Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant Activity, Aroma Components of Beer

Li Li,Zijian Jiang,Ran Qiu,Li Xuan,Chunli Liu,Xuyan Zong

The development of tea beer has become a current research hotspot in the brewing industry. In this study, following standard beer production procedures, varying amounts of green tea were added during wort boiling to replace hops. The aim was to eliminate hop-related interference, investigate how adding tea affected the fermentation process, and assess the feasibility of using tea as a substitute for hops in beer brewing. The effects of green tea addition on physicochemical properties, volatile compounds, and sensory characteristics were compared both during fermentation and after fermentation was completed. The results indicated that a tea addition level of 8 g/L was the most suitable for brewing tea beer. Tea addition increased the total phenolic content in wort (182-415 mg/L), enhanced the yeast growth rate and maximum cell density, and improved both alcohol content (3.71-4.82%) and real degree of fermentation (54.79-68.42%). Antioxidant indices were also markedly improved, including DPPH radical scavenging capacity (2.58-4.12 mmol/L), ABTS radical scavenging capacity (2.80–18.28 mmol/L), and total reducing power (2.55-3.47 mmol/L). Volatile compounds in tea beer were further analyzed by HS-SPME-GC-MS, showing that tea addition increased the levels of common aroma-active compounds (ethyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl heptanoate), resulting in a richer aroma profile. In addition, several characteristic aroma compounds were identified (heptyl acetate, ethyl benzoate, and ethyl phenylacetate). Overall, these findings could serve as a reference for industrial production of tea beer and the development of novel beer products.

In situ sol-gel-sol transformation formed by sodium alginate realizes folic acid-modified chitosan nanoparticles to deliver hops β-acids for colorectal cancer therapy

Qiao Xia,Liu Jiayue,Bai Jing,Xu Chao,Zhao Qianying,Guo Songlin,Ding Lu,Ma Duan,Zhang Xu,Tian Bingren

Oral administration can deliver targeted nanoparticles directly to colorectal cancer (CRC) lesions, bypassing systemic circulation. However, orally administered nanoparticles may become physically entrapped in the small intestine, compromising therapeutic efficacy. To overcome this limitation, we designed and prepared folic acid-modified, CRC cell-targeting nanoparticles (FA/CS/TPP/β-acids) and incorporated them into a sodium alginate hydrogel (Alg/FA/CS/TPP/β-acids). The release of β-acids from the nanoparticles was pH-dependent, with cumulative release following the order: pH 7.8 > pH 6.8 > pH 1.2. The nanoparticle/hydrogel system exhibits good biocompatibility (hemolytic activity < 5%; non-toxic to NCM460 cells) and significantly enhances cellular uptake in HCT116 and HT29 cells. In vivo studies showed that the nanoparticles were non-toxic and effectively inhibited CRC. Interestingly, the hydrogel undergoes a sol-gel transition under acidic gastric conditions (pH 1.2). Upon reaching the colorectum, where the pH is higher, it undergoes a gel-sol transition. These results demonstrate that the alginate-modified hydrogel can protect the nanoparticles in the gastrointestinal environment, enabling targeted release for CRC therapy. Graphical