Di Zhang,Tom Bond,Yang Pan,Mingli Li,Jiayi Luo,Rong Xiao,Wenhai Chu
Identifying disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with high health risk is an unresolved challenge. In this study, six members of a new class of aromatic nitrogenous DBPs─2-chloroaniline, 2-bromoaniline, 2,4-dichloroaniline, 2-chloro-4-bromoaniline, 4-chloro-3-nitroaniline, and 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline─are reported as DBPs in drinking water for the first time. Haloanilines completely degraded within 1 h in the presence of chlorine (1 mg/L), while about 20% remained in the presence of chloramine (1 mg/L) after 120 h. Haloanilines showed high stability in the absence of disinfectants, with <30% degradation at pH 5–9 over 120 h. Eight haloanilines were determined in chloraminated finished water and tap water at total concentrations of up to 443 ng/L. The most abundant was 2-bromoaniline, with a median concentration of 104 ng/L. The cytotoxicity of eight haloanilines and regulated trichloromethane and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) was evaluated using Hep G2 cell assay. The EC50 values of eight haloanilines were 1–2 orders of magnitude lower than those of the regulated DBPs. The lowest toxic concentration of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline was 1 μM, 500 times lower than that of DCAA. The formation and control of haloanilines in drinking water warrant further investigation.
Huiqi Li,Qizhuan Lin,Huanpeng Liu,Zheyan Chen,Xueliang Zhang,Liyuan Jin,Renyi Peng,Huanzhi Jin
Polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) and copper ions (Cu²⁺) are common environmental pollutants, yet their combined toxicological effects remain poorly understood. This study demonstrates that PS-NPs act as carriers of Cu²⁺, facilitating intracellular accumulation and inducing cuproptosis, a recently identified form of regulated cell death. Using zebrafish larvae and Hep G2 cells, we showed that co-exposure to PS-NPs and Cu²⁺ disrupted copper homeostasis, promoted DLAT oligomerization, impaired mitochondrial structure and function, and activated the cuproptosis pathway. Molecular docking revealed stable binding of PS-NPs and Cu²⁺ to the key regulator FDX1, further aggravating cuproptosis. FDX1 overexpression experiments confirmed its pivotal role, as enhanced expression significantly increased DLAT aggregation and cell death. This study is the first to reveal the molecular mechanism by which PS-NPs mediate FDX1-dependent cuproptosis via a “Trojan horse” effect. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of nanoplastics–heavy metal co-exposure and offer a potential molecular target for mitigating environmental toxicity.
Xingzheng Liu,Junsheng Jin,Yueliang Chen,Boting Lu,Qian Sun,Jiexin Wang,Jian-feng Chen,Yuan Le
Poly ( n -butyl cyanoacrylate) (PBCA) nanoparticles are widely used as biocompatible and bio-erosive materials in a range of biomedical applications, especially for drug delivery systems. This paper reports a novel synthesis method of PBCA nanoparticles with high productivities and purities in a rotating packed bed. The particle size and molecular weight of PBCA nanoparticles were controlled by adjusting the high-gravity factor, surfactant concentration, pH, temperature and monomer concentration. The high-gravity factor shows an obvious influence on the particle sizes, while it has few effects on molecular weight. The surfactant concentration and pH also affect molecular weight and particle sizes. Moreover, compared with conventional stirred tank, the reaction time of RPB procedure was dramatically reduced from 12 h to 2 h, and the purity of products increased from about 93% to 96%. Furthermore, when the molecular weight of PBCA increased, the in vitro cytotoxicity to Hep G2 cells firstly increased and then decreased, and the cellular uptake was improved. In summary, PBCA with controllable molecular weight and particle sizes can be synthesized using a facile high-gravity method.
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