CO 2 hydrogenation to C 2+ OH is an effective way to diminish CO 2 emissions. Although challenges still exist in large-scale applications, CuFeZn catalysts attract extensive attention due to their low-cost. Herein, CuFeZn catalysts are modified by different amounts of K 3 PO 4 , (KP) 0.1 CuFeZn exhibits an excellent catalytic performance (total alcohols selectivity of 15.76 % at CO 2 conversion of 38.10 %, C 2+ OH/ROH fraction of 94.23 %, and C 2+ alcohols space–time-yield (STY) of 53.81 mg·mL −1 ·h −1 ). Combined with a series of characterization results, it is found that the effect of K 3 PO 4 is complex, and the proportion of Fe 2+ , Cu 0 and medium base shows perfect linear relation to STY of C 2+ OH. The significance level of the above three factors is in the following sequence: Cu 0 ＞Fe 2+ ＞medium base. The introduction of K 3 PO 4 decreases the proportion of Fe 2+ (active site for RWGS, the competitive reaction for C–C coupling) and increases the proportion of Cu + /(Cu + +Cu 0 ) (Cu + is the active site for C–C coupling) due to the synergistic effect of Cu 0 and Cu + , thereby improving the synthesis of C 2+ OH. Moreover, conversion of Fe 0 to Fe 3 C or Fe 3 O 4 plays negative roles in the stability of the catalysts.
Experimental liquid−liquid equilibrium (LLE) binodal curves, tie-lines, and plait points were obtained for the PPG400 + salt (K3PO4, K2CO3, and K2HPO4) + H2O systems at T = 298.15 K. The Merchuk equation was used to correlate the binodal data of the investigated systems. Also, the effect of salt on the phase-forming ability has been studied based on the effective excluded volume (EEV) values from fitting the binodal data to the binodal model developed by Guan, and the salting-out abilities of the anions are in the order of PO43− > HPO42− > CO32−, which may be related to the Gibbs free energy of hydration of the ions (ΔhydG). Furthermore, tie-line compositions were correlated using the Setschenow-type, Othmer−Tobias, and Bancroft equations, and the parameters are reported.
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