Infant formula is prone to the Maillard reaction, forming early-stage Amadori products and advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Despite extensive research on protein-bound Amadori products and AGEs, studies on protein-unbound Amadori products in infant formula are limited. This study, for the first time, reveals that Amadori products derived from mono and oligohexose exhibit distinct MS/MS neutral loss patterns. Using these characteristics, a combined targeted and untargeted strategy for rapid and comprehensive analysis of mono- and oligohexose derived Amadori products was developed. A total of 40 protein-unbound Amadori products were identified, resulting from reactions between glucose, lactose, galactose, and 17 amino acids along with 3 other amino compounds. Novel Amadori products like fructosyl-O-phosphorylethanolamine/glycerophosphorylethanolamine and lactulosyl-O-phosphorylethanolamine/glycerophosphorylethanolamine were identified. Further comparative analysis of free Amadori product contents in 5 standard infant formula samples revealed significant variations. However, the levels of Amadori products and their corresponding precursor compounds showed no significant correlation. These findings offer valuable insights into the complexity and diversity of Amadori products in infant formulas. Moreover, the identified Amadori products show promise as potential markers for differentiating infant formulas from different manufacturers.
Clausena indica (Datz.) Oliv fruit pericarps (CIOPs) is an important agro-industrial by-product rich in active components. In this article, the effects of traditional and green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) characterization, antioxidant activities, and α-glucosidase-inhibitory activity of phenolic extracts from CIOPs were investigated for the first time. The results showed that ChCl-Gly and Bet-CA had higher extraction efficiency for the total phenolic content (TPC, 64.14–64.83 mg GAE/g DW) and total flavonoid content (TFC, 47.83–48.11 mg RE/g DW) compared with the traditional solvents (water, methanol, and ethyl acetate). LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS was adopted to identify the phenolic compositions of the CIOPs extracts. HPLC-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) results indicated that arbutin, (–)-epigallocatechin, chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B1, (+)-catechin, and (–)-epicatechin were the major components for all extracts, especially for deep eutectic solvents (DESs). In addition, ChCl-Xyl and ChCl-Gly extracts showed higher antioxidant activities against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS+•), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), reducing power (RP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) than extracts extracted by other solvents. A strong α-glucosidase-inhibiting activity (IC50, 156.25-291.11 μg/ml) was found in three DESs extracts. Furthermore, in silico analysis of the major phenolics in the CIOPs extracts was carried out to explore their interactions with α-glucosidase. Multivariate analysis was carried out to determine the key factors affecting the antioxidant activity and α-glucosidase-inhibiting activity. In short, DES can be taken as a promising solvent for valorization and recovery of bioactive compounds from agro-industrial by-products. The results verified that CIOPs can be used as a prospective source rich in bio-active compounds applied in the food and pharmacy industries.
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）