INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
·
2025
·
IF 8.5
Wenju Zhu,Shuang Xu,Dongxiang Li,Shuixia Liu,Wei Peng,Shuolong Wang,Jiarui Liu,Kai Ma,Xiaoqing Wang,Bowen Cheng
Cotton fibers are widely used in various applications due to their biodegradability, low cost, and extensive availability. The cottonseed is associated with cotton, which has a large yield. After oil extraction, the remaining cottonseed meal has a high protein content, making it a potential flame retardant for cotton fibers. This paper proposes the concept of homologous flame retardant for cotton fiber, and presents research on Cottonseed Meal Modified Flame Retardant - Homologous Durable Flame Retardant Cotton Fiber. The experiment results showed that the flame retardants CmP prepared by phosphating cottonseed meal is an effective flame retardant for cotton fiber. Both CmP1 and CmPN demonstrated self-catalytic durable grafting on the surface of Cotton fiber. Notably, the durable flame retardant CmP1-cotton and CmPN-cotton prepared by DICY catalysis exhibit superior durability and flame retardant properties, with damage lengths of 53 mm and 86 mm, respectively, and the LOI value is more than 35 %. FT-IR, XPS, and SEM results confirmed that the flame retardant was durably grafted onto the fiber surface and the superficial layer. XPS and SEM results of flame retardant cotton and char residues of TG and CCT are displayed that the two kinds of flame retardant cotton fabrics are mainly condensed phase flame retardant mechanisms, with a synergistic gas-phase effect.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
纺织工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
CHINESE JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
·
2018
·
IF 1.712
Wei Zhou,Puyou Jia,Yonghong Zhou,Meng Zhang
Three kinds of tung oil-based structural flame retardants polyols (TOFPs) were prepared by new methods in this paper. First, tung oil was used to produce monoglyceride and diglyceride by transesterification with glycerol by sodium methoxide. The products after transesterification were epoxidized by peracetic acid which was in-situ generated from acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst. And then, TOFPs were prepared from epoxidized alcoholysis tung oil (EGTO) with 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO), diethyl phosphate (DEP) and diethanolamine (DEA) by ring-opening reactions, respectively. GPC was used to evaluate the conversion rate, at optimum reaction conditions, selectivity for monoglyceride in transesterification. The influence of different parameters such as temperature, mole ratio or mass ratio on the conversion rate of transesterification and epoxidation were investigated. The molecular structures of TOFPs were characterized by FTIR and 1 HNMR. Finally, tung oil-based polyurethane foams (TOPUFs) were prepared by a one-shot process using TOFPs with polyisocyanate. The LOI values of TOPUFs whose content of DOPO-EGTO, DEP-EGTO and DEA-EGTO were 100 wt% can reach to 26.2%, 25.1%, and 24.4%, respectively.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2020
·
IF 4.032
Shuo Fan,Chenchen Zhu,Dequn Wu,Xueli Wang,Jianyong Yu,Faxue Li
An inherent flame-retardant PA6 (FR-PA6) containing polydiphenylsiloxane (PDPS) was synthesized under the action of ethylene glycol (EG) via a facile “2-step” bulk polymerization. Inspiringly, EG acted not only as a ‘chain-linker’ to connect PA6 oligomer with PDPS moiety but also as a charring agent to increase the charring capacity of FR-PA6 after combustion. The prepared FR-PA6 reached 28.3% of limiting oxygen index (LOI), and passed the V-0 level of UL94 test with suppressed melt-dripping. After investigating the char residues and pyrolysis volatiles of FR-PA6 after combustion, the formation of silicon-rich protective layer was proved to be the essential factor to increase the flame retardancy of FR-PA6 via reducing the diffusion of pyrolysis volatiles, restricting the heat transfer and mass loss as well as preventing polymer melts from dripping. This work thus makes a worthwhile contribution to the development of FR-PA6 by offering a novel route that is easily accessible to industrial fabrication.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
PROGRESS IN ORGANIC COATINGS
·
2024
·
IF 6.5
Li-Ping Zhang,Zhen-Guo Zhao,Yuan-Yuan Huang,Xing Cao,Xin-Yu Tian,Yan-Peng Ni,Yu-Zhong Wang
The cationic waterborne polyurethanes (CWPU) exhibit excellent affinity towards various materials possessing negative surface charges owing to its positive charge. However, its limited heat resistance and flame retardancy greatly restrict its practical application. In this work, we synthesized a flame retardant , 2-(6-oxido-6H-dibenz〈c,e〉〈1,2〉oxaphosphorin-6-yl)-1,4-hydroxyethoxyphenylene (DOPO-HQ-HE), and incorporated it into the skeleton of cationic waterborne polyurethanes to prepare flame-retardant cationic waterborne polyurethanes (CWPU-DHHxs). The obtained CWPU-DHHxs showed excellent flame retardancy, in which the LOI value of CWPU-DHH 12 reached over 26.9 vol% and passed UL-94 V-0 rating. The findings showed that CWPU-DHHxs exhibited remarkable efficacy in both the vapor and condensed phase during combustion. Moreover, the incorporation of DOPO-HQ-HE led to a significant improvement in heat resistance performance by facilitating enhanced microphase separation . Meanwhile, the major comprehensive performance of CWPU-DHHxs, including emulsion storage stability, thermal stability, mechanical performance, and transparency were effectively preserved.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE
·
2022
·Vol. 139
·期 42
·e53041
·
IF 3.057
Yijun Zhang,Dawei Pan,Changfan Chang,Hua Liu,Zuozhen Liu
A highly reactive intrinsic epoxy flame retardant FREP was successfully synthesized via ring-opening reaction between DOPO and amino-tetrafunctional epoxy resin (AG-601), and the structure of the synthesized FREP was characterized by FTIR and MS. FREP was then introduced into the epoxy resin as an additive, aiming to improve fire safety. The flame-retardant properties and thermal stabilities of epoxy thermosets were investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL94) and cone calorimetry (CONE). The results indicated that EP/FREP-4 thermoset passed UL94 V-0 rating with a LOI value of 34.6%, where the phosphorus content was 1.5 wt%. When compared with neat EP, the peak heat release rate (pk-HRR), total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) decreased by 63.1%, 42.6%, and 22.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the lower av-EHC of EP/FREP thermosets indicated that FREP plays a significant role in gas-phase flame retardancy. Additionally, DMA analysis showed that FREP improved the crosslinking density of EP, which had little effect on the glass transition temperature ( T g ). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Py-GC/MS analysis, and SEM were used to investigate the flame retardant mechanism. Excellent flame retardancy was attributed to phosphorus and nitrogen's synergistic effect in the gas and condensed phases.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY
·
2017
·
IF 3.386
Wen-Jun Liang,Bin Zhao,Cong-Yun Zhang,Rong-Kun Jian,Dong-Yue Liu,Ya-Qing Liu
A novel flame retardant , namely bisphenol-A bridged penta(phenoxy)cyclotriphosphazene (A-BP), was synthesized and characterized successfully. Obtained A-BP was mixed in different proportions with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) in order to prepare a series of flame retardant epoxy resins (EP). The differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) results indicated that the glass transition temperatures (T g ) of EPs containing A-BP had only a slight decrease in comparison to EP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the incorporation of A-BP improves the thermal stability of EP at a high temperature. Moreover, an increase of LOI value (33.9%) was achieved for EP contained with 9 wt% of A-BP. Furthermore, such sample passed UL-94 V-0 rating. Additionally, according to the cone calorimeter tests, in the whole combustion, the EP/9% A-BP material showed lower heat release and smoke production than neat EP. To elucidate the flame retardant actions of A-BP for EP, comprehensive measurement including Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and TG-FTIR techniques were adopted to analyze the char layers and gaseous products. As a result, a bi-phase flame retardant mechanism was proposed showing the efficiency of inert gas dilution and quenching of existed free radicals in gaseous phase and char formation action in a condensed phase, respectively.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE
·
2021
·Vol. 56
·期 30
·16999-17010
·
IF 4.22
Xu Yue,Liu Lubin,Yan Chentao,Hong Yukai,Xu Miaojun,Qian Lijun,Li Bin
In the field of electronic and electrical applications, it has always been a challenge to synchronously improve the flame-retardant and smoke-suppression properties for epoxy resins. In this research, a novel flame-retardant phosphonic acid piperazine salt (PTPAP) was successfully synthesized in an environmentally friendly manner and used to fabricate flame-retardant EP thermosets. The fire safety and flame-retardant mechanisms of EP/PTPAP thermosets were detailedly studied. When merely 6 wt% PTPAP was introduced into EP substrate, the EP/PTPAP thermosets gained UL-94V-0 grade and their LOI value improved from 21.3% of pure EP to 28.3% with the increase of 32.9%. The introduction of PTPAP promoted the premature degradation and charring of EP matrix, and the intumescent, compact, and sealed char layer was produced on the surface of EP/PTPAP thermosets during combustion. Besides, PTPAP decomposed and produced the PO· and inert gases, which efficaciously exerted the free radical trapping and dilution effect in vapor phase. Therefore, the emission of smoke and heat was distinctly constrained and the EP/PTPAP thermosets was endowed with the superior fire safety. This flame-retardant EP/PTPAP thermosets showed broad application prospects under the environment of sustainable development because of the eco-friendly and simplicity of the synthesis of PTPAP. Graphical abstract
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
消防安全
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS
·
2022
·
IF 6.449
Chenxi Zhang,Chao Zhang,Zhiming Jiang,Ping Zhu
To decrease strength loss of flame-retardant cotton fabric using polycarboxylic acid as the crosslinker, a series of multi-amino phosphoramide (BPEI/DPn) was synthesized using branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) and dimethyl phosphite (DP). The flame retardant coating was fabricated on cotton fabric with the assist of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA). The optimum multi-amino phosphoramide was obtained by investigate the effect of different BPEI/DPn on washing durability and flame retardancy of modified cotton fabrics. The results found that BPEI/DP4 (mole ratio of BPEI and DP was 1:4) coated cotton fabric presented superior flame retardancy with self-extinguishing action and 27.9% of LOI value. Also, this flame-retardant cotton fabric can withstand a certain number of standard washing cycles. The heat and smoke release of cotton fabric during the combustion were significantly inhibited after modification with BPEI/DP4, and HRR value decreased by 35.0% compared with the unmodified cotton. Additionally, BPEI/DP4 can greatly improve the mechanical capability of cotton fabric modified with BTCA, and almost 80% of breaking force can be remained owning to partially neutralizing the acidic circumstance of BTCA solution, which might provide an efficient method to prepare functional cotton fabric with high performance.
研究领域:
纺织科学
·
材料科学
·
化学工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2021
·
IF 13.273
Xin Wang,Haoxin Niu,Wenwen Guo,Lei Song,Yuan Hu
The development of high-performance thermosetting polymers has spawn extensive research interest over the past decade because of increasing awareness of environmental protection and sustainable policy. In this work, three cardanol-derived epoxy monomers named after CFGE, ECF, and ECFGE were synthesized, and ECFGE was selected to be further treated by flame-retardant owing to its superior thermal stability and mechanical strength. ECFGE was subsequently combined with cardanol-derived phosphate (DPP-CFR) to obtain flame-retardant bio-based epoxy materials as diglycidyl ether bisphenol A (DGEBA)-type epoxy substitutes. The chemical structure of CFGE, ECF, ECFGE, and DPP-CFR was well characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. The influence of DPP-CFR on the curing kinetics of the ECFGE/DDM system was investigated by the non-isothermal DSC . The addition of DPP-CFR imparted excellent flame-retardancy to the cured ECFGE/DDM system. Specifically, the cured ECFGE/DDM system with 15 wt% of DPP-CFR exhibited UL-94V-0 classification and LOI value of 31.0%, and its peak heat release rate was declined by 48% and 72%, respectively, compared to the cured ECFGE/DDM and DGEBA/DDM. Additionally, the cured ECFGE/DDM system with 15 wt% of DPP-CFR also showed better tensile strength and toughness than the cured DGEBA/DDM counterpart. This study demonstrates that cardanol can be utilized as a versatile platform for the fabrication of high-performance bio-based thermosetting polymers with excellent comprehensive properties.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
聚合物化学
·
可持续化学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
RSC Advances
·
2024
·Vol. 14
·期 12
·8204-8213
·
IF 3.9
Fangli Li,Ziqin Huang,Changjiang Liu,Meini Yang,Jixiang Wu,Wenhui Rao,Chuanbai Yu
Currently, additively efficient flame retardants are being developed to enhance the smoke suppression, flame retardancy, and thermal properties of composite materials. To this end, the current study designed and prepared a novel P/N/Si/Zn-containing organic–inorganic hybrid denoted as APHZ. Its inorganic part was 2-methylimidazole zinc salt (ZIF-8), which improved its smoke suppression and catalytic carbonization. The organic part (P/N/Si-containing compound) promoted its flame retardancy and interfacial compatibility between APHZ and epoxy resin (EP). The test results revealed that EP/APHZ-3 composites achieved a V-0 rating and a notable LOI value of 30.7% when introducing 3 wt% APHZ into the EP matrix. Cone calorimetry tests (CCT) further demonstrated that the average heat release rate (av-HRR), total smoke production (TSP), and CO production (COP) of EP/APHZ-3 were reduced by 23.3%, 14.0%, and 21.1%, respectively. Meanwhile, the char residual was increased by 60.6%, as compared to pure EP. Furthermore, the flame-retardant mechanism of EP/APHZ composites was investigated by the XPS, TG-FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy techniques. The observed synergistic effect of the imidazole skeleton ZIF-8 and P/N/Si-containing compound in APHZ facilitated the generation of a dense multi-element char layer, with the condensed phase flame-retardant mechanism playing a dominant role. These findings contribute to developing and designing high-performance flame-retardant EP.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
PubMed
高影响因子
POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES
·
2022
·Vol. 33
·期 10
·3490-3500
·
IF 3.348
Wu Zhang,Weikang Xia,Yasheng Shi,Changlin Zhou,Ran Chen,Lei Wang,Jinqing Qu
Flame-retarded epoxy thermosets are highly desirable for electronics-related basic materials in the new-generation information applications. Herein, a DOPO-anchored benzothiadiazole flame retardant, namely DOPO-BTD , is designed and synthesized for P/N/S synergistic flame-retarded epoxy thermosets. DOPO-BTD possesses good thermal stability and excellent compatibility with the epoxy matrix. As reflected by UL 94 test, the DOPO-BTD coated EP passes the V0 rating and achieves a higher LOI value of 34.6% at ultralow P content of 0.39 wt%. The investigation of the DOPO-BTD -triggered P/N/S synergistic flame-retarded effect by thermal images further validated the flame retarded efficacy and dramatic inhibition of the flame. Meanwhile, the incorporation of 4.8 wt% DOPO-BTD into the epoxy matrix, the PHRR, THR, SPR, TSP, and COP are significantly decreased by 37.97%, 27.44%, 25.49%, 19.83%, and 31.70%, respectively. Additionally, the fire growth index (FGI) is sharply dropped 26.06%. Moreover, the TGIR and TGMS results convince the flame-retarded mechanism of DOPO-BTD through the combination of the gas-phase and condensed-phase pathways. The P/N/S synergistic DOPO-BTD can serve as a promising flame retardant for efficiently fabricating the flame-retarded epoxy thermosets, and this study sheds light on the development of multiple elements synergistic flame-retardants for functional polymers with great application potential.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
化学工程
·
高分子科学
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL
·
2023
·
IF 15.1
Zongsheng Liu,Meng Ma,Bangdong Ge,Yi Zheng,Si Chen,Yanqin Shi,Huiwen He,Yulu Zhu,Xu Wang
Functionalization and high performance of polycarbonate (PC) is hardly achieved by using traditional flame retardants, which will improve the flame retardancy of PC at the expense of mechanical strength, thermal stability and transparency. Herein, a linear macromolecular of polydiphenyl phenyl borosiloxane (PDPBS) was synthesized by dehydration polycondensation in order to solve the conflict between fire safety and high performance of PC. Due to the role of PDPBS in catalyzing char formation and helping to form dense char layer during the combustion process of PC composites, and the outstanding flexibility of siloxane segments with excellent compatibility with PC matrix, PC/PDPBS composites can maintain almost the same transparency as that of PC and obtain excellent flame retardancy. The results of burning tests showed that the PC composites with 3 wt% PDPBS passed the UL 94V-0 rating with a LOI value of 29.1%. Meanwhile, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release rate (THR) of PC/PDPBS-3 decreased by 12% and 15% respectively, and the ignition time (TTI) increased by 9%. More importantly, the PC/PDPBS-3 composite maintains a transparency at 87.5%. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation at break remained at the same level as that of neat PC. In a word, the addition of PDPBS can not only improve the flame retardancy of PC, but also keep its outstanding transparency and excellent mechanical properties. This work provides a new method for obtaining PC with both flame retardant and transparent properties, and also broadens the application of PC in electronic appliances and automobiles.
研究领域:
材料科学
·
高分子化学
·
消防安全工程
✓ 已验证
产品关联
DOI
高影响因子
危险品化学品经营许可证（带存储）