Pectic oligosaccharides are viewed as excellent immunomodulator, but the specific molecular weight (M w ) range required for anti-inflammatory effects remains unclear. In this study, citrus pectins was depolymerized by the ultrasound/H2O2/Vc system and the pectic mixtures was separated through the superdex 30 chromatography column . Three highly purified pectin fractions (USP1, USP2, USP3) were obtained, with the M w of 2713 g/mol, 3683 g/mol, and 7469 g/mol. All of them were RG-I pectins and USP3 contained more arabinan sidechains than USP1 and USP2. In vitro anti-inflammation assays based on LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages indicated that these pectins could suppress the NO release, ROS production and down-regulated the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in a M w -dependent manner. The inhibitory effects increased in the order of USP13KD should be effective as a prophylactic agent against inflammatory diseases in functional food.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder predominant in childhood. Despite existing treatments, the benefits are still limited. This study explored the effectiveness of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) loaded with miR-137 in enhancing autism-like behaviors and mitigating neuroinflammation. Utilizing BTBR mice as an autism model, the study demonstrated that intranasal administration of MSC-miR137-EVs ameliorates autism-like behaviors and inhibits pro-inflammatory factors via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. In vitro evaluation of LPS-activated BV2 cells revealed that MSC-miR137-EVs target the TLR4/NF-κB pathway through miR-137 inhibits proinflammatory M1 microglia. Moreover, bioinformatics analysis identified that MSC-EVs are rich in miR-146a-5p, which targets the TRAF6/NF-κB signaling pathway. In summary, the findings suggest that the integration of MSC-EVs with miR-137 may be a promising therapeutic strategy for ASD, which is worthy of clinical adoption.
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