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Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara Extract Inhibits Sebum Overproduction and Improves Sebaceous Gland Function via the PPARγ/LXRα/SREBP1 Pathway

Youyun Liu,Junxi Liu,Rui Xu,Yonglei Yuan,Qiwen Sun,Susu Ding,Feifei Wang,Liping Qu

Ethnopharmacological relevance Ludwigia adscendens (L.) Hara ( L. adscendens ) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), first mentioned in Sheng Cao Yao Xing Bei Yao ( Essential Guide to Raw Herbal Properties ). It clears heat, removes dampness, detoxifies, and reduces swelling. In TCM, it is prescribed for acne caused by dampness-heat accumulation. It is also used for cold, fever, sore throat, boils, dermatitis, and snake or dog bites. Research shows it has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-lipoxygenase effects. However, studies on its impact on sebaceous gland function (a key factor in acne pathogenesis) are still limited. Aim of the study This study aims to investigate the effects of L. adscendens extract (LHE) on sebaceous gland function and its mechanisms. Materials and methods Active compounds in LHE were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Its effects on lipid synthesis, sebocyte proliferation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed in a 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-induced sebocyte model. Untargeted lipidomics was used to analyse sebum composition and detect LHE-induced changes. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were evaluated using zebrafish models and biochemical assays. Sebum-regulatory efficacy was measured to assess LHE's impact on sebum production. Results LHE showed strong biological activity by activating the PPARγ/LXRα/SREBP1 pathway, reducing lipid production, inhibiting sebocyte hyperproliferation, and delivering notable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Lipidomic analysis revealed that LHE effectively altered lipid composition, especially by lowering triglycerides (TG), diacylglycerols (DG), ceramides (Cer), and hexosyl-1-ceramides (Hex1Cer), with major changes observed in medium- and long-chain TG and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) levels. Efficacy tests confirmed that LHE reduced sebum production and improved skin texture by shrinking pore size. Conclusions LHE improves sebaceous gland function by reducing lipid overproduction and hyperproliferation through the PPARγ/LXRα/SREBP1 pathway. It also enhances the lipid profile by lowering key lipid molecules like TGs and PEs. Moreover, LHE shows anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. These findings suggest its therapeutic potential for sebaceous gland-related conditions and reveal new insights into its mechanism in topical use.