Indole-3-Aldehyde alleviates lung inflammation in COPD through activating Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor to inhibit HDACs/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways
Indole-3-aldehyde (I3A) is an intestinal microbial metabolite that regulates inflammation in various inflammatory diseases; however, its role in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects and molecular mechanisms of I3A in COPD. We constructed in vivo models using cigarette smoke (CS)-stimulated mice and in vitro models using cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-stimulated MH-S cells. The results demonstrated that I3A significantly alleviated bronchial obstruction in mice with COPD and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Additionally, I3A decreased the levels of matrix metalloproteinases MMP2, MMP12, and inhibited the NF-κB p65/NLRP3 pathways. Further investigation revealed that I3A inhibited NF-κB activity by suppressing p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in CSE-stimulated MH-S cells. The activation of the NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways is mediated by histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5) and HDAC6, both of which are inhibited by I3A. Subsequent experiments indicated that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) knockdown attenuated the inhibitory effect of I3A on pro-inflammatory cytokines and the HDACs/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathways, highlighting the dependence of I3A's anti-inflammatory effects on the AHR receptor. Key messages I3A effectively reduced lung inflammation in COPD mice by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. In CSE-stimulated MH-S cells, I3A suppressed p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, thereby inhibiting NF-κB activity. The activation of the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways by HDAC5 and HDAC6 was diminished by I3A. Through the activation of the AHR receptor, I3A suppressed the activities of HDAC5/6, leading to a decrease in inflammatory factor levels. Graphical abstract
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