Yuvarajgouda N. Patil,Manjunath B. Megalamani,D.A. Ayush Gowda,Sharanappa T. Nandibewoor,Shivashankar Hiremath
This study focuses on developing a rapid, easy-to-use, and sensitive sensor for the electroanalytical detection of Metaxalone (MXL) for the first time. A novel sensor was created by combining sulfur-incorporated graphitic carbon nitride (S-GCN) with tungsten-doped titanium oxide nanoparticles (W: TiO 2 NPs) in a carbon paste, which was then loaded into a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube. The synthesized modifiers were characterized using SEM, XRD, and FTIR techniques to understand their structural, morphological, and functional features, contributing to the electrocatalytic activity of the modified sensor (W: TiO 2 /S-GCN@CPE). Comparative analysis showed that W: TiO 2 /S-GCN@CPE achieved higher detection currents than the unmodified carbon paste electrode (CPE). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were used to detect and quantify MXL electrochemically. The electrode’s physicochemical properties were studied under optimal conditions within a potential range of 0.3 V to 1.5 V. The W: TiO 2 /S-GCN@CPE showed a detection limit of 0.85 x 10 -8 M and demonstrated linearity over a concentration range of 0.1–100 x 10 -7 M. The sensor’s selectivity against interference from metal ions was also assessed. In practical applications, the developed electrode effectively detected MXL in spiked water, tablets, and biological samples, showing significant detection capacity and good recovery rates. Additionally, the electrode demonstrated stability across multiple measurements, positioning W: TiO 2 /S-GCN@CPE as a promising sensor for MXL detection.
Metaxalone (MTX) is a central nervous system (CNS) depressant used for the treatment of acute skeletal muscle pain . Several cases of fatal overdose deaths in the clinical use of MTX, along with the presence of ischemic hepatitis in deceased patients, have been documented. The present study aimed to investigate the metabolic activation of MTX and to define the possible correlation between the metabolic activation and cytotoxicity of MTX. An oxidative metabolite (M1) and a GSH conjugate (M2) were observed in S9 fraction incubations as well as in rat primary hepatocyte culture after exposure to MTX. M1 and M2 were also observed in bile of MTX-treated rats. CYP2A6 was found to dominate the oxidation of MTX. Both methoxsalen (MTS, a CYP2A6 inhibitor) and 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol (DCNP, a sulfotransferase inhibitor) dramatically decreased the formation of M2. Pre-treatment of primary hepatocytes with DCNP or MTS significantly decreased the susceptibility to the cytotoxicity of MTX.
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