It is proved that secondary phases, such as Cu 2 Se, and ZnSe etc., and MoSe 2 layer can form at Cu 2 ZnSn(S,Se) 4 (CZTSSe)/Mo electrode interface, due to that Mo electrode reacts with CZTSSe and Se vapor during selenization process. The secondary phases and MoSe 2 with inappropriate thickness can decrease power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CZTSSe solar cell. In this work, a simple method was proposed to suppress the reaction between CZTSSe and Mo, and to optimize the thickness of MoSe 2 . This was achieved by growing a layer of Mo oxide in situ on the Mo electrode surface through soaking the Mo electrode in H 2 O 2 . The Mo oxide layer consisted of MoO 3 , MoO x and MoO 2 . It could suppress the reaction between Mo and CZTSSe, thus preventing the formation of secondary phases in CZTSSe. By further tuning the soaking time, the thickness and density of the Mo oxide layer were optimized, resulting in an optimized thickness of the MoSe 2 layer and a significant improvement in the contact quality at both the front and back interfaces. This improvement is beneficial for suppressing carrier recombination and reducing contact resistance. Furthermore, the Cu/(Zn+Sn) ratio in CZTSSe was optimized, leading to an expansion of the depletion region width. As a result, the reverse saturation current density and series resistance decrease, while the photogenerated current density increases. This ultimately led to a rise in PCE from 7.66% for CZTSSe solar cells with Mo electrodes that were not soaked to 8.95% for those with Mo electrodes soaked for 20 s.
Hui Lu,Hongbo Wang,Changfei Gao,Lifen Liu,Tingting Yu,Yihua Li,Shaoying Lin
Lanthanum and cerium are widely used as important raw materials for energy storage batteries due to excellent natural electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. However, with the explosive growth of new energy generation and the environmental degradation-resistant of lanthanum and cerium, it is difficult to balance environmental sustainability and resource scarcity to achieve lanthanum-cerium removal by conventional chelate salt precipitation. Herein, a laboratory-scale self-powered electro-membrane bioreactor (SPEMBR), integrating high-active nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube-loaded iron and molybdenum bimetallic conductive composite electrode membrane (M−N−CNTs@Fe/Mo) by hydrothermal and phase inversion processes was successfully constructed and evaluated for removing lanthanum cerium from industrial wastewater. The prepared bi-functional M−N−CNTs@Fe/Mo5% electrode membrane exhibited a uniform morphology and excellent hydrophilicity, with nano pore lattice spacing only 0.2637 nm. Electrochemical test results demonstrated that the novel electrode indicated excellent redox properties (i 0 = 8.35 × 10 −3 A cm −2 , C dl = 1.13 mF cm −2 ) and efficient electron transfer efficiency (R ct = 4.69 Ω, n = 3.9). Based on optimized conditions (5)% doping ratio, pH = 10, C = 20 mg/L), the SPEMBR assisted by M−N−CNTs@Fe/Mo catalytic electrode membrane achieved approximately complete removal efficiency of lanthanum and cerium (>99.2 %), superior to most publicly available related studies (86.3 %-99.0 %), but with a calculation cost of only $8.54. Identification of membrane interface products and system precipitates demonstrated that the outstanding removal efficiency was attributed to the combined reaction mechanism of electroreduction, electrocoagulation and electromembrane filtration. This work provides a bright application prospect for low-cost and effective removal of lanthanum cerium metal based on electrode membranes.
Nan Ji,Tiejian Zhu,Hao Peng,Feng Jiang,Wei Huang,Yu Gong
In the common spent fuels, actinides and fission products are generally in the form of oxide, so direct dealing with oxide will be the most convenient way for spent fuel reprocessing. In this work, the electrolytic reduction of Gd2O3 has been studied in LiCl-KCl-Li2O (1 wt%) melts at different conditions, and the effect of sintering temperature on the porosity of Gd2O3 powder and the electrochemical behavior of Li2O in LiCl-KCl molten salt were investigated, too. The diffusion coefficient of O2− was calculated to be 2.0 × 10−5 cm2·s−1 in LiCl-KCl melts on the Mo electrode at 923 K by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The electrode process of Gd2O3 powder was also analyzed in LiCl-KCl-Li2O (1 wt%) melts, and the formation process of composite oxide LiGdO2 was determined. By the analysis of XRD and oxygen content characterization, it was suggested that after 74 h electrolysis (923 K, 3.40 V), the oxygen content of Gd2O3 cathode decreased from 12.25 wt% to 1.41 wt%, indicating 88.5% Gd2O3 was reduced to metal.
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