Design, synthesis and evaluation of structurally diverse ortho-acylphenol-diindolylmethane hybrids as anticancer agents
A highly efficient synthesis of structurally diverse ortho-acylphenol–diindolylmethane hybrids 3 using carboxylic acid-activated chromones as versatile synthetic building blocks is reported here for the first time, through 1,4-nucleophilic addition and followed by a decarboxylation and pyrone ring opening reaction process. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anticancer activity, and most of the compounds displayed good anticancer activities against four tested tumor cells (A549, PC-3, NCI-H1299, Caco-2). Among these compounds, compound 3t displayed the most potent and broad-spectrum anti-proliferative inhibition against the tested cell lines, especially A549 cells, and was more potent than arundine and cisplatin drugs, and had selectivity in cancer cells compared to MRC-5 and HK-2 normal cells. Preliminary mechanism studies showed that compound 3t exerted an anti-tumor effect in A549 cells by inhibiting the proliferation, colony formation and migration of A549 cells, and inducing cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment of A549 cells with compound 3t caused increased ROS content and induced MMP collapse; western blot analysis showed that the expression level of p53 was significantly increased; Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and Cyt c were increased, and caspase-9, -3, and PARP were cleaved. These studies showed that compound 3t could induce apoptosis of A549 cells through the mitochondrial pathway, which was related to the activation of p53 and the generation of ROS. Thus, our results indicate that compound 3t may be used as a promising skeleton for the development of new anti-tumour drugs.
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