Ultra-High-Energy Density in Layered Sodium-Ion Battery Cathodes through Balancing Lattice-Oxygen Activity and Reversibility
Lattice-oxygen redox in layered metal oxide cathodes offers a promising way to exploit high-energy density sodium-ion batteries. However, oxidation and reduction of lattice-oxygen are always asymmetric, showing poor reversibility upon charging and discharging due to the activated oxygen loss and subsequent structural rearrangement. Here, a layered Na 0.7 [Li 0.2 Mn 0.7 Co 0.1 ]O 2 (NLMCO) is developed by balancing lattice-oxygen activity and reversibility, which can deliver a record energy density of 729.7 Wh kg −1 , further exceeding the state-of-the-art Na 0.75 [Li 0.25 Mn 0.75 ]O 2 (NLMO, 638.4 Wh kg −1 ). In light of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, in situ differential electrochemical mass spectroscopy, and electrochemical testing results, the highly activated lattice-oxygen is effectively stabilized in NLMCO without oxygen molecule release while obvious oxygen release is detected in the highly activated NLMO. Benefiting from the enhanced transition metal-oxygen covalency and reduced band energy gap, the NLMCO electrode demonstrates simultaneously high lattice-oxygen activity and reversibility, thus resulting in excellent rate and cycling performance, as well as ultra-high energy density. The findings highlight the critical association of energy density and lattice-oxygen redox reversibility, which will inspire more interest in anionic redox-based high-energy batteries.
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