Arginine alleviates LPS-induced leukocytes inflammation and apoptosis via adjusted NODs signaling
Arginine plays a key role in regulating the immune function of fish. To evaluate the effect of arginine on the immune response of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides ), the effects of arginine on cell viability, NADPH oxidase activity, respiratory burst activity, and NO production of leukocytes were analyzed both in vitro and in vivo . In this study, we found that arginine could promote the respiratory burst activity of leucocytes both in vivo and in vitro . By incubating leukocytes with the combination of LPS and arginine, we found that arginine supplementation inhibited the expression of inflammatory genes ( tumor necrosis factor-alpha , tnfα ; interleukin ( il ) 8 and il10 ) and apoptotic genes ( caspase 3 , caspase 8 , and caspase 9 ) induced by LPS, as well as promoted the arginine metabolism. Arginine supplementation significantly induced ( cd4-like ) cd4 gene expression after LPS challenge. Further studies showed that LPS could significantly increase nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 1 ( nod1 ) gene expression, but decreased the nod2 gene. The arginine supplementation increased nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) protein level. In conclusion, arginine can alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis as well as induce cd4 gene expression against LPS challenge via adjusting the expression of NODs signaling.
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