In this paper, Ni-coated YSZ powder and flame-retardant APP were introduced into phenolic resin-epoxy resin composite system by organic-inorganic mixed flame retardant strategy. Through a series of experimental tests, it was found that the TSR (total smoke release), THR (total heat release), total CO production (TCOP) and TCO2P (total CO 2 production) of the composite resin system with the same mass of APP and Ni@YSZ decreased by 53.5 %, 45.8 %, 13.6 % and 45.5 % respectively. The synergistic effect of Ni@YSZ and APP and its product Ni 2 P 2 O 7 improved the formation and structure of carbon layer. Thus, the fire hazard of epoxy resin is reduced, and the situation that a large amount of heat and toxic substances are released by decomposition is improved. In addition, the composite coating achieves an EAB (effective absorption bandwidth) of 1.11 GHz (16.77 GHz–17.88 GHz) in the ku band of electromagnetic waves. When the frequency is 17.60 GHz, the lowest RL (reflection loss) (−17.02 dB) is achieved. This discovery provides a simple and effective idea for developing light stealth and fire protection integrated functional coatings.
Zhixiang Liu,Yang Zhang,Jun Yang,Wanbing Guan,Jianxin Wang,Subhash C. Singhal,Lianbang Wang
The conventional Ni-Y 0.16 Zr 0.84 O 1.92 anode in solid oxide fuel cells fueled with hydrocarbon fuels is prone to suffer from carbon deposition. In this work, we employed an in-situ solvothermal method to decorate the Ni-Y 0.16 Zr 0.84 O 1.92 anode with Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 1.95-δ nanoparticles to improve its resistance to carbon deposition and thus improve the electrochemical performance of the cell. This method generates small Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 1.95-δ particles and at the same time does not block the gas diffusion channels. The Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 1.95-δ -decorated anode showed enhanced long-term stability in methane with no significant performance degradation after 700 at 750 °C, whereas an untreated Ni-Y 0.16 Zr 0.84 O 1.92 anode only worked for less than 8 h under the same conditions. The addition of Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 1.95-δ nanoparticles was found to enhance internal reforming reactions of methane by the distribution of relaxation times technique. This work demonstrated that in-situ solvothermal modification strategy can provide anodes with excellent carbon deposition resistance.
Two types of anode were prepared for a comparative study of their electrochemical performance and carbon deposition resistance. The first one was the Ni–YSZ cermet anode; and the other, designated as the Ni–MnO/Ni–YSZ, was the Ni–YSZ anode plus an on-cell reforming layer of Ni–MnO in situ reduced from MnNi2O4 with a microstructure of fine Ni particles embedded in MnO matrix. With the Ni–MnO layer on the top surface, open circuit polarization resistance of the Ni–YSZ anode decreased approximately by 1/2 in H2-3 mol% H2O and by more than 1/3 in CH4-3 mol% H2O at temperatures ranging from 650 to 800 °C. Carbon fibers were observed in the Ni–YSZ anode, rather than in the Ni–MnO/Ni–YSZ anode, after initial impedance measurements in CH4-3 mol% H2O for 1 h. The polarization resistance of both anodes at 800 °C increased with time up to 6 h in CH4-3 mol% H2O due to carbon deposition; however, the carbon formed in the Ni–MnO/Ni–YSZ anode had a lower degree of graphitization. In the atmosphere of CH4-20 mol% H2O, carbon deposition was completely depressed in the Ni–MnO/Ni–YSZ anode at 800 °C and 200 mA cm−2, which ensured a higher and more stable electrochemical performance than that of the Ni–YSZ anode.
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