Jinhua Liu,Lan Guan,Zhe Li,Li Huang,Dan Li,Zhe Li,Xiaohui Wang,Yingqun Zhu,Yuanan Liu
Real-time blood gas analysis is of great significance in disease diagnosis and treatment. Here we have developed a pH, PO 2 and PCO 2 multifunctional fluorescent capillary sensing system. The pH, O 2 and CO 2 fluorescent indicators with same excitation wavelength are fixed into a single capillary tube. The sensing system possesses sensitive fluorescence response to pH, O 2 and CO 2 , and the changes of pH, O 2 and CO 2 in buffer, in vitro, and in vivo can be detected simultaneously by measuring the fluorescence signals of sensor probe. The PO 2 , PCO 2 and pH of rabbits in four disease models were assessed efficiently by the sensing system, exhibiting similar variation trend with the results by blood gas analyzer. Studies in living rabbit display the reasonable and favorable feasibility of capillary sensing system in real-time arterial blood gas analysis. Overall, the multifunctional fluorescent capillary sensing system exhibits significant potential in real-time arterial blood gas analysis and clinical application of disease diagnosis.
Toxic harmful algal blooms (HABs) have received increasing attention owing to their threat to the health of aquatic life and seafood consumers. This study evaluated the impacts of elevated atmospheric partial pressure of CO 2 ( p CO 2 ) on the production of paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) in different Alexandrium spp. strains, together with its further effects on the bioaccumulation/elimination dynamics of PSTs in bivalves contaminated with PSTs from toxic dinoflagellates. Our results showed that elevated p CO 2 stimulated the growth of the two Alexandrium spp. ( A. catenella and A. pacificum ) isolated from the northern and southern coastal areas of China, respectively, and affected PST production including content and toxicity of the two strains differently. Further PSTs bioaccumulation/elimination in PSTs-contaminated Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum under high p CO 2 also occurred. It is worth noting the biotransformation of neosaxitoxin (NEO) with high toxicity through trophic transfer with effect of elevated p CO 2 . When in microalgae cultured under the control (410 ppm) and elevated p CO 2 conditions (495 and 850 ppm), the proportion of NEO in the PST content produced by A. catenella was reduced from 11.1 to 6.4 and 2.6 %, while the proportion of NEO in A. pacificum was increased from 3.1 to 3.6 and 4.7 %, respectively. NEO accounted for >50 % of total PST contents in clams, which were biotransformed via transfer from dinoflagellates and higher p CO 2 enhanced this biotransformation leading to increased NEO accumulation. The negatively affected elimination of PSTs, especially NEO, in clams fed with A. catenella or A. pacificum , indicates that the detoxification of PSTs-contaminated clams may be more difficult under elevated p CO 2 . This study provides reference for developing models to assess the safety of bivalves under the co-stress of environmental change and toxic HABs, suggesting that ocean acidification may lead to the higher safety risk of Manila clams exposed to toxic HAB dinoflagellates.
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