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PD-1/PD-L1
CANCER CELL · 2022 · IF 38.585

Tumor-induced erythroid precursor-differentiated myeloid cells mediate immunosuppression and curtail anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment efficacy

Haixia Long,Qingzhu Jia,Liuyang Wang,Wenfeng Fang,Zhongyu Wang,Tao Jiang,Fei Zhou,Zheng Jin,Jiani Huang,Li Zhou,Chunyan Hu,Xinxin Wang,Jin Zhang,Yujie Ba,Yujie Gong,Xianghua Zeng,Dong Zeng,Xingxing Su,Peter B. Alexander,Li Wang,Limei Wang,Yisong Y. Wan,Xiao-Fan Wang,Li Zhang,Qi-Jing Li,Bo Zhu

Summary Despite the unprecedented success of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) as anti-cancer therapy, it remains a prevailing clinical need to identify additional mechanisms underlying ICI therapeutic efficacy and potential drug resistance. Here, using lineage tracking in cancer patients and tumor-bearing mice, we demonstrate that erythroid progenitor cells lose their developmental potential and switch to the myeloid lineage. Single-cell transcriptome analyses reveal that, notwithstanding quantitative differences in erythroid gene expression, erythroid differentiated myeloid cells (EDMCs) are transcriptionally indistinguishable from their myeloid-originated counterparts. EDMCs possess multifaceted machinery to curtail T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Consequently, EDMC content within tumor tissues is negatively associated with T cell inflammation for the majority of solid cancers; moreover, EDMC enrichment, in accordance with anemia manifestation, is predictive of poor prognosis in various cohorts of patients undergoing ICI therapy. Together, our findings reveal a feedforward mechanism by which tumors exploit anemia-triggered erythropoiesis for myeloid transdifferentiation and immunosuppression.

研究领域: 肿瘤学 · 免疫学 · 分子生物学 · 癌症治疗
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BIOMATERIALS · 2022 · IF 15.304

Enhancement of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy for osteosarcoma using an intelligent autophagy-controlling metal organic framework

Yu-Xiang Ge,Tai-Wei Zhang,Lei Zhou,Wang Ding,Hai-Feng Liang,Zhi-Chao Hu,Qin Chen,Jian Dong,Feng-Feng Xue,Xiao-Fan Yin,Li-Bo Jiang

Poor immunogenicity and compromised T cell infiltration impede the application of immune-checkpoint blockade (ICB) immunotherapy for osteosarcoma (OS). Although autophagy is involved in enhancing the immune response, the synergistic role of autophagy in ICB immunotherapy and the accurate control of autophagy levels in OS remain elusive and challenging. Here, we designed a pH-sensitive autophagy-controlling nanocarrier, [email protected] @PEG-FA (CBZP), loading a natural derivative, curcumin (CUR), to boost the immunotherapeutic response of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade by activating immunogenic cell death (ICD) via autophagic cell death, and BMS1166 to inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction simultaneously, enhancing the tumor immunogenicity and sensitizing the antitumor T cell immunity. After entering tumor cells, the pH-sensitive nanoparticles induced autophagy and decreased the intracellular pH , which in turn further facilitated the release of CUR to enhance autophagic activity. Transferring CBZP to orthotopic OS tumor-bearing mice showed powerful antitumor effects and established long-term immunity against tumor recurrence, accompanied by enhanced dendritic cell maturation and tumor infiltration of CD8 + T lymphocytes. Collectively, CBZP exhibited synergistic effects in treating OS by combining ICD induction with checkpoint blockade, thereby shedding light on the use of autophagy control as a potential clinical therapy for OS.

研究领域: 肿瘤学 · 免疫疗法 · 纳米技术 · 药理学
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JOURNAL OF NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY · 2023 ·Vol. 21 ·期 1 ·1-22 · IF 10.2

Autophagy-amplifying nanoparticles evoke immunogenic cell death combined with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 for residual tumors immunotherapy after RFA

Zhang Shushan,Huang Yongquan,Pi Songying,Chen Hui,Ye Feile,Wu Chaoqun,Li Liujun,Ye Qing,Lin Yuhong,Su Zhongzhen

Incomplete radiofrequency ablation (IRFA) triggers mild protective autophagy in residual tumor cells and results in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. This accelerates the recurrence of residual tumors and causes resistance to anti-PD-1/PDL1 therapy, which bringing a great clinical challenge in residual tumors immunotherapy. Mild autophagy activation can promote cancer cell survival while further amplification of autophagy contributes to immunogenic cell death (ICD). To this regard, we constructed active targeting zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with STF62247 or both STF62247 and BMS202, namely STF62247@ZIF-8/PEG-FA (SZP) or STF62247-BMS202@ZIF-8/PEG-FA (SBZP) NPs. We found that SZP NPs inhibited proliferation and stimulated apoptosis of residual tumor cells exposed to sublethal heat stress in an autophagy-dependent manner. Further results discovered that SZP NPs could amplify autophagy in residual tumor cells and evoke their ICD, which dramatically boosted the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). Through vaccination experiments, we found for the first time that vaccination with heat + SZP treatment could efficiently suppress the growth of new tumors and establish long-term immunological memory. Furthermore, SBZP NPs could remarkably promote the ICD of residual tumor cells, obviously activate the anti-tumor immune microenvironment, and significantly inhibit the growth of residual tumors. Thus, amplified autophagy coupled with anti-PD-1/PDL1 therapy is potentially a novel strategy for treating residual tumors after IRFA.Graphical Abstract

CAS / MDL: 693-98-1 10196-18-6
研究领域: 肿瘤学 · 免疫治疗 · 纳米技术 · 癌症生物学
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JOURNAL OF CONTROLLED RELEASE · 2023 · IF 10.8

Fish oil-based microemulsion can efficiently deliver oral peptide blocking PD-1/PD-L1 and simultaneously induce ferroptosis for cancer immunotherapy

Xin Yang,Wanqiong Li,Shuzhen Li,Shaomeng Chen,Zheng Hu,Zhuoying He,Xueqin Zhu,Xiaoshuang Niu,Xiuman Zhou,Huihao Li,Youmei Xiao,Juan Liu,Xinghua Sui,Guanyu Chen,Yanfeng Gao

Peptide immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy have attracted great attention recently, but oral delivery of these peptides remains a huge challenge due to the harsh gastrointestinal environment, large molecular size, high hydrophilic, and poor transmembrane permeability. Here, for the first time, a fish oil-based microemulsion was developed for oral delivery of programmed death-1/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) blocking model peptide, OPBP-1. The delivery system was characterized, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate its overall implication. As a result, this nutraceutical microemulsion was easily formed without the need of co-surfactants, and it appeared light yellow, transparent, good flowability with a particle size of 152 ± 0.73 nm, with a sustained drug release manner of 56.45 ± 0.36% over 24 h and a great stability within the harsh intestinal environment. It enhanced intestinal drug uptake and transportation over human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, and drastically elevated the oral peptide bioavailability of 4.1-fold higher than that of OPBP-1 solution. Meanwhile, the mechanism of these dietary droplets permeated over the intestinal enterocytic membrane was found via clathrin and caveolae-mediated endocytic pathways. From the in vivo studies, the microemulsion facilitated the infiltration of CD8 + T lymphocytes in tumors, with increased interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion. Thus, it manifested a promising immune anti-tumor effect and significantly inhibited the growth of murine colonic carcinoma (CT26). Furthermore, it was found that the fish oil could induce ferroptosis in tumor cells and exhibited synergistic effect with OPBP-1 for cancer immunotherapy. In conclusion, this fish oil-based formulation demonstrated great potential for oral delivery of peptides with its natural property in reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related ferroptosis of tumor cells, which provides a great platform for functional green oral delivery system in cancer immunotherapy.

CAS / MDL: 50-53-3
研究领域: 药剂学 · 免疫学 · 癌症研究 · 药物递送系统
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International Journal of Nanomedicine · 2024 · IF 6.6

Fe3O4 Nanoparticles That Modulate the Polarisation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages Synergize with Photothermal Therapy and Immunotherapy (PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors) to Enhance Anti-Tumor Therapy

Haishui Sun,Xiao Wang,Zhaoyang Guo,Zhenrong Hu,Yuanchen Yin,Shuhan Duan,Wenwen Jia,Wei Lu,Jingzhou Hu

Introduction Traditional surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have been the treatment options for patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) over the past few decades. Nevertheless, the five-year survival rate for patients has remained essentially unchanged, and research into treatments has been relatively stagnant. The combined application of photothermal therapy (PTT) and immunotherapy for treating HNSCC has considerable potential.Methods Live-dead cell staining and CCK-8 assays proved that Fe3O4 nanoparticles are biocompatible in vitro. In vitro, cellular experiments utilized flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining to verify the effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the polarisation of tumor-associated macrophages. In vivo, animal experiments were conducted to assess the inhibitory effect of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on tumor proliferation under the photothermal effect in conjunction with BMS-1. Tumour tissue sections were stained to observe the effects of apoptosis and the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. The histological damage to animal organs was analyzed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining.Results The stable photothermal properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles were validated by in vitro cellular and in vivo animal experiments. Fe3O4 photothermal action not only directly triggered immunogenic cell death (ICD) and enhanced the immunogenicity of the tumor microenvironment but also regulated the expression of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), up-regulating CD86 and down-regulating CD206 to inhibit tumor growth. The PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor promoted tumor suppression, and reduced tumor recurrence and metastasis. In vivo studies demonstrated that the photothermal action exhibited a synergistic effect when combined with immunotherapy, resulting in significant suppression of primary tumors and an extension of survival.Conclusion In this study, we applied Fe3O4 photothermolysis in a biomedical context, combining photothermolysis with immunotherapy, exploring a novel pathway for treating HNSCC and providing a new strategy for effectively treating HNSCC.

CAS / MDL: 10025-77-1
研究领域: 癌症生物学 · 纳米技术 · 免疫疗法 · 生物医学工程
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Advanced Science · 2024 · IF 14.3

Metabolism/Immunity Dual-Regulation Thermogels Potentiating Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma Through Lactate-Excretion Inhibition and PD-1/PD-L1 Blockade

Tianliang Li,Dan Xu,Zhao Ruan,Jie Zhou,Wenbo Sun,Bo Rao,Haibo Xu

Intrinsic immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (ITM) and insufficient tumor infiltration of T cells severely impede the progress of glioblastoma (GBM) immunotherapy. In this study, it is identify that inhibiting the expression of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) can facilitate the prevention of lactate excretion from tumor glycolysis, which significantly alleviates the lactate-driven ITM by reducing immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Simultaneously, the findings show that the generated inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ during immune activation aggravates the immune escape by upregulating immune checkpoint programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumor cells and TAMs. Therefore, an injectable thermogel loaded with a GLUT1 inhibitor BAY-876 and a PD-1/PD-L1 blocker BMS-1 (Gel@B-B) for dual-regulation of metabolism and immunity of GBM is developed. Consequently, in situ injection of Gel@B-B significantly delays tumor growth and prolongs the survival of the orthotopic GBM mouse model. By actively exposing tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells, the GBM vaccine combined with Gel@B-B is found to significantly increase the fraction of effector T cells (Th1/CTLs) in the tumor microenvironment, thereby remarkably mitigating tumor recurrence long-term. This study may provide a promising strategy for GBM immunotherapy.

CAS / MDL: 2224-52-4
研究领域: 肿瘤学 · 免疫学 · 生物医学工程 · 药理学
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Materials Today Bio · 2025 · IF 10.2

A triple-targeting “nano-brake” remodeling the impaired immune microenvironment in skin lesions for psoriasis treatment

Ruijie Chen,Baiqun Duan,Shize Li,Yixuan Zhu,Zihao Huang,Dingchao Shen,Zhanzheng Ye,Yuqi Yan,Chenyu Qiu,Haoxiong Guan,Yinsha Yao,Jie Dong,Fugen Wu,Xinyu Jiang,Xianbao Shi,Longfa Kou

Psoriasis, a prevalent immune-mediated chronic inflammatory skin ailment, has been linked to heightened oxidative stress and compromised immune tolerance. Immune checkpoint pathways, particularly the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling axis, are instrumental in establishing and sustaining self-tolerance and regulating immune responses. Augmenting PD-1/PD-L1 interaction holds promise for curtailing the proliferation and activation of infiltrating T cells and curbing the release of inflammatory cytokines, thereby mitigating psoriasis induced by impaired immune tolerance. Consequently, neutralizing the surplus reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the affected skin and revitalizing local immune tolerance could represent a beneficial approach to psoriasis treatment. In light of these insights, this study introduced a bilirubin-based nanoparticle cloaked in IFN-γ-stimulated macrophage membrane (designated as IMφm@GBn or "nano-brake"). Treatment with IFN-γ conferred the macrophage membrane with heightened expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine receptor and PD-L1. As a result, the engineered IMφm@GBn not only scavenged excessive ROS in psoriatic lesions but crucially also absorbed a wide spectrum of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, it inhibited the proliferation and activation of infiltrating T cells through augmented PD-1/PD-L1 interactions, thereby rebalancing the Th17/Treg ratio. In an in vivo psoriasis mouse model, the "nano-brake" was locally and accurately delivered to the dermis via microneedle, orchestrating the immune microenvironment of psoriasis and mitigating autoimmune damage linked to impaired immune tolerance. This approach significantly enhanced the therapeutic efficacy in ameliorating psoriasis-associated symptoms. This study sets an illuminating precedent for cell membrane-based biomimetic nano-formulations, holding broad implications for psoriasis treatment through multi-pronged immunomodulation.

研究领域: 皮肤病学 · 免疫学 · 纳米医学
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Cell Reports Medicine · 2026 · IF 14

Artificial exosomes synergistically reshape sepsis immune homeostasis by modulating neutrophil fate and blocking PD-1/PD-L1

Pengcheng Zhang,Yahui Gao,Yaxin Wang,Xin Li,Yi Jiang,Yigang Xu,Keliang Xie,Yixuan Ma,Sheng Wang,Hui Zheng,Wen Li,Xu Jin

A critical challenge in sepsis treatment lies in its complex immune microenvironment, characterized by concurrent hyperinflammation and immunosuppression. This imbalance is jointly driven by dysregulated neutrophil programmed death and abnormal activation of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint. Therefore, precisely modulating neutrophil fate and blocking this immune checkpoint are highly promising therapeutic strategies. We engineered an artificial exosome nano-decoy (AT@NV-PD1) that homes to senescent-like neutrophils. It comprises a pH-responsive bovine serum albumin core carrying AT7519, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, cloaked with macrophage membrane presenting PD-1. After intravenous delivery, PD-1 selectively binds PD-L1 on target neutrophils. In the mildly acidic microenvironment, AT7519 release triggers timely neutrophil apoptosis, curbing excessive inflammation. Concurrently, the nano-decoy neutralizes bacterial toxins and inflammatory cytokines. By engaging PD-L1, AT@NV-PD1 also alleviates T cell exhaustion, reduces immunosuppression, and promotes immune homeostasis. In conclusion, AT@NV-PD1 represents a sepsis therapy by precisely regulating neutrophil fate and rebuilding immune balance.

CAS / MDL: 9048-46-8
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CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL · 2025 · IF 13.2

Tumor microenvironment responsive polymer nano-immunomodulators for precise immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma

Fei Kong,Zhiqiang Zeng,Xiaorong Zhu,Qingqing Wu,Lu Zhou,Changwei Dou,Zhongbo Xie,Lidong Cao

The combination of photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy has emerged as a safe and effective cancer treatment strategy. However, traditional photodynamic therapy and precision anti-tumor immunotherapy still face challenges, such as weak light source penetration, poor targeting specificity, low response rates and immune-related adverse effects. Herein, a smart polymer nano-immunomodulator (SPNI) that can respond to the tumor microenvironment for precise photodynamic immunotherapy of cancer is reported. This SPNI is self-assembled from pH and glutathione (GSH) bi-responsive amphiphilic polymers, simultaneously loaded with photosensitive materials and oxygen-carrying molecules, subsequently is wrapped by hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell membrane using a simple coextrusion method to generate biomimetic nanoparticles. Upon reaching the tumor site, the SPNI degrades in the tumor microenvironment, effectively releasing photosensitive substances with chemophotodynamic effects to directly eliminate tumors without an external light source. Additionally, the immunosuppressant blocks PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathways to enhance the body’s endogenous anti-tumor immune response, inhibiting tumor growth and metastasis. Furthermore, the incorporated immunosuppressant effectively blocks PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathways, thereby potentiating endogenous anti-tumor immune responses to suppress both primary tumor growth and metastatic progression. This innovative combination of tumor microenvironment-responsive photodynamic therapy and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy demonstrates remarkable efficacy in anti-HCC treatment and shows substantial potential for clinical translation. The SPNI platform represents a significant advancement in precision cancer therapy by simultaneously addressing multiple limitations of current treatment modalities.

研究领域: 医学 · 生物材料学 · 肿瘤学
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Cancer Nanotechnology · 2024 ·Vol. 15 ·期 1 ·1-16 · IF 4.5

Novel nanotherapeutics for cancer immunotherapy by albumin nanoparticles functionalized with PD-1 and PD-L1 aptamers

Jiang Qiping,Yao Fengjiao,An Yacong,Lai Xialian,Li Xundou,Yu Zhen,Yang Xian-Da

Background PD-1/PD-L1 blockade plays a crucial role in cancer immunotherapy. Exploration of new technologies to further enhance the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is therefore of potential medical importance. Nanotherapeutics can accumulate in tumor tissues due to enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effects. In this study, a novel nanotherapeutic for cancer immunotherapy was implemented with albumin nanoparticles functionalized by both PD-1 and PD-L1 aptamers.Results Albumin nanoparticles (NP) were functionalized with either PD-1 aptamers (PD1-NP), PD-L1 aptamers (PDL1-NP), or both types of aptamers (PD1-NP-PDL1). Average sizes of PD1-NP, PDL1-NP, and PD1-NP-PDL1 were 141.8 nm, 141.8 nm, and 164.2 nm, respectively. PD1-NP had good affinity for activated T cells that expresses PD-1. Similarly, PDL1-NP could bind with MDA-MB-231 or CT26 tumor cells that express PD-L1. Moreover, the bispecific PD1-NP-PDL1 could bind with both the activated T cells and the PD-L1-expressing tumor cells, and tether the two type of cells together. Functionally, aptamer-modified nanoparticles exhibited stronger immune-stimulating effects vs. free aptamers. Specifically, PD1-NP or PDL1-NP induced stronger lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against PD-L1-expressing tumor cells in vitro vs. free PD-1 or PD-L1 aptamers. Animal studies also showed that PD1-NP or PDL1-NP significantly improved antitumor efficacy against CT26 colon cancer in vivo vs. free PD-1 or PD-L1 aptamers. Importantly, the bispecific PD1-NP-PDL1 further boosted the in vivo antitumor efficacy compared with PD1-NP or PDL1-NP, without raising systemic toxicity.Conclusion The results suggest that the bispecific PD1-NP-PDL1 is a promising nanotherapeutic to improve the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, and may have application potential in colon cancer treatment.

研究领域: 肿瘤学 · 纳米医学 · 免疫学
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ACS Nano · 2024 · IF 15.8

Triggered Cascade-Activation Nanoplatform to Alleviate Hypoxia for Effective Tumor Immunotherapy Guided by NIR-II Imaging

Yu Ji,Suchen Qu,Gaoyu Shi,Liansheng Fan,Jing Qian,Zhaorui Sun,Feng Lu,Xin Han

Hypoxia is one of the most typical features among various types of solid tumors, which creates an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and limits the efficacy of cancer treatment. Alleviating hypoxia becomes a key strategy to reshape hypoxic TME which improves cancer immunotherapy. However, it remains challenging to perform tumor precision therapy with controllable switches through hypoxia-activated gene editing and prodrugs to alleviate hypoxia. In this study, silica-coated second near-infrared window (NIR-II) emitting silver sulfide quantum dots are used as the carrier to load the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) system to target hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1α) and guide tumor-targeted imaging. To reduce the off-target effects in nontumor cells and better control safety risks, a TME-triggered cascade-activation nanodiagnostic and therapeutic platform (AA@Cas-H@HTS) is designed, which achieves the hypoxia activation of prodrug tirapazamine (TPZ) and spatiotemporal release of CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein. Tumor hypoxia is greatly alleviated by the synergistic function of HIF-1α depletion by gene editing and TPZ activation. Importantly, targeting HIF-1α disrupts the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) signaling pathway, which effectively reshapes the immune-suppressive TME and activates T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Taken together, we have provided a TME-triggered cascade-activation nanoplatform to alleviate hypoxia for improved cancer immunotherapy.

研究领域: 癌症生物学 · 免疫学 · 纳米技术 · 分子生物学 · 诊疗学
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Materials Today Bio · 2025 · IF 10.2

Glycyrrhizic acid-loaded biomimetic hybrid liposomes targeting inflammatory cascades and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway to reverse neuroinflammation-driven cognitive decline

Yaxin Wang,Fang Luo,Pengcheng Zhang,Hong Niu,Yaomin Tan,Yizhi Zhang,Ziyan Tang,Lina Du,Yiguang Jin,Xu Jin

Neuroinflammation is a key pathogenic process in multiple central nervous system (CNS) disorders. It can lead to neuronal injury and cognitive decline through excessive glial activation and aberrant engagement of the programmed cell death protein-1/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) checkpoint axis. To address these pathologies, we engineered a PD-1-enriched macrophage-membrane, lactoferrin-modified, PEGylated, glycyrrhizic-acid–loaded biomimetic hybrid liposome (PMLpGL) for dual, precise modulation of the neuroinflammatory microenvironment. PMLpGL alleviates neuronal inhibitory signaling by reversibly sequestering excess PD-L1 via membrane-anchored PD-1, while its cargo GA suppresses high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1)-driven inflammatory cascades, thereby returning inducible PD-1/PD-L1 expression and glial activation toward homeostasis. Physicochemical characterization showed a hydrodynamic diameter of 165 ± 3 nm and a zeta potential of −10.2 ± 0.2 mV. Engineered macrophage membranes displayed marked PD-1 overexpression, and ligand-depletion saturation assays demonstrated specific, saturable PD-1/PD-L1 binding. In a Transwell blood–brain barrier (BBB) model, PMLpGL achieved a 24-h permeability of 22.86 ± 0.14 %, indicating robust in-vitro BBB traversal. In vivo fluorescence imaging showed peak brain accumulation at 24 h with retention to 48 h; liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry further confirmed brain targeting and persistence—at 12 h, brain GA with PMLpGL was ∼48-fold higher than free drug and remained quantifiable at 48 h. Pharmacodynamic evaluations in cells and mice demonstrated that PMLpGL suppresses glial activation and normalizes inducible checkpoint expression; reshapes the cytokine milieu by lowering IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and HMGB1 while increasing IL-10, TGF-β, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor; and restores the synaptic protein synapsin-1. Correspondingly, PMLpGL significantly improved cognition in open-field, novel object recognition, and Morris water maze tests. Collectively, PMLpGL combines PD-1 decoy sequestration with GA-mediated upstream immunomodulation to attenuate neuroinflammatory cascades, protect neurons, and reverse cognitive deficits. By pairing BBB compatibility with microenvironment-precise regulation, this platform offers a promising therapeutic strategy for CNS diseases associated with cognitive decline.

CAS / MDL: 24937-79-9
研究领域: 神经科学 · 免疫学 · 纳米医学 · 药学 · 中枢神经系统疾病
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